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In a 1998 study, costs for corrosion in USA were estimated to be about 276 billion US-$. One way to reduce this gigantic amount of money is to use modern stainless steels and nickel alloys with excellent resistance to various forms of corrosion in corrosive environments like seawater, brines, oil and sour gas wells.
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Sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are among the most common chemicals produced.in the process industry. Nickel alloys have been a traditional material of choice. This paper will review the alloys available for this service as well as identify the temperature limits and other conditions that should be considered when selecting an alloy.
For many corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA´s), crevice corrosion under gaskets, paint or O-rings required to define the exposed area and avoid solution contact with electrical connections interferes with measurements of the critical pitting potential (EPIT). This undesired and uncontrolled crevice corrosion occurs at a lower potential than the one for the onset of pitting corrosion. Many approaches have been used to avoid this artifact.