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In seawater, higher strength nickel-copper alloys are used as alternatives to copper alloys. These can be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement in conditions where cathodic protection is utilized. Copper-Nickel-Tin alloys (CuNiSn) show low corrosion rates in the free and coupled conditions. Resistance to hydrogen embrittlement is demonstrated.
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The pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion of oilfield production alloys (e.g., 13Cr/UNS S41000, 17-4PH/UNS S17400, 25Cr/UNS S32750, A286/UNS S66286, 718/UNS N07718) and proprietary austenitic stainless steels for directional drilling (PREN between ~20 to ~45) has been investigated. Specifically, series of electrochemical tests have been conducted to rank the alloys, establish simple correlations between electrochemical parameters, PRENmod, and 3-to-60-day immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl at ambient temperature. For all but one alloy, pitting was absent in stark contrast to crevices. Upon tracking populations and dimensional characteristics of crevices over time, trendlines comparing the susceptibility of the alloys towards crevice corrosion were established. Practical conclusions were reached, including the following: (1) 13Cr consistently developed crevices within days, (2) 17-4PH as well as all traditional directional drilling stainless steels developed crevices within one to five weeks, and, (3) neither 718, 25Cr, nor newer directional drilling alloys with both high nickel and high PRENmod showed any sign of crevices upon being tested up to 60 days. Through a variety of comparisons, this investigation also reveals useful technical directions for the development of new, economical, and fit-for-service Oil & Gas alloys for both production and drilling.
Given the need to end our dependence on fossil fuels and invest in alternative sources of energy that are clean, accessible, affordable, sustainable, and reliable, geothermal energy can be a promising choice as a prominent source of energy. Geothermal energy systems are an established renewable energy resource with a long history of adaptable, reliable baseload generation. Conventional geothermal energy systems (GES) in the Western USA can provide almost 30 gigawatt electricity (GWe) of baseload.
Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel alloys have been broadly used in various applications in the oil and gas industry thanks to its high strengths and outstanding corrosion resistance in several aggressive environments. Alloy 718 (UNS1 N07718), Alloy 925 (UNS N09925), Alloy K-500 (UNS N05500), Alloy 725 (UNS N07725), and others are among the most used PH nickel alloys in the oil and gas industry. Despite of their known high corrosion properties, hydrogen embrittlement is one common failure reported by the industry for this class of alloys.
Bimetal composite pipes composed of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys have attracted increasing attention for the applications in the fields of transferring pipes, downhole tubes, reservoirs and heat exchangers. It shows superior properties such as corrosion resistance of the corrosion resistant alloys and formability, and mechanical properties of carbon steels, which satisfy the requirements of both anti-corrosion and mechanical properties applied in oil and gas filed with an affordable price.
A series of manufacturing methods for the fabrication of bimetal composite pipes, including mechanical bonding method, welded pipe using the clad plate and inner surfacing welding clad pipe, have been applied in recent years.
Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is part of decarbonization solutions to reduce green-house gas emissions, as exemplified by the growing number of capital expenditure projects worldwide.1-2 In CCUS, the carbon dioxide (CO2) is consecutively (1) captured at origin, such as power plants and natural gas production sites, (2) separated from other gases and impurities, (3) compressed, (4) transported through pipelines, and finally (5) injected into a storage site such as deleted hydrocarbon wells, saline aquafers, coal beds, underground caverns, or seawater.1,3 Since the 1970s, specifically the first commercial carbon dioxide flooding in the United States (known as SACROC), carbon dioxide sequestration has been largely discussed in the context of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), not in the newer context of Sustainability. Nonetheless, substantial experience has been drawn from EOR, including for the selection of the right and economical materials.4 As reflected by the literature, past materials test programs have rarely given any attention to downhole jewelry alloys compared to tubulars or surface-infrastructure alloys, and consequently the track records for such bar-stock alloys are either inexistent or not readily available. 5-7 This lack of apparent return-on-experience represents a knowledge gap against the prospect of a safe greenhouse gas control method; needless to say, it also justifies the requirements for reliable well integrity monitoring solutions in carbon dioxide sequestration wells.8-9
Ni-based corrosion resistant alloys UNS N06035 and UNS N10362 were designed with the goal of withstanding some of the most aggressive environments found in various sectors of the chemical processing industry (CPI). These alloys have successfully found a niche in process-specific environments that are uncommonly aggressive, pushing the envelope for higher chemical processing efficiency, performance and durability.
N06035 alloy was designed to resist “wet process” phosphoric acid, which is used in the production of fertilizers.
Nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys are vitally important materials in chemical processing, petrochemical, agrichemical and pharmaceutical industries. When aggressive process streams are involved, corrosion-resistant alloys are selected for applications such as heat exchangers, reactors, pressure vessels and/or other process equipment in various industry sectors.1 The Ni-Mo alloys provide excellent resistance to reducing hydrochloric and sulfuric acids over large ranges of concentration and temperature. They also resist pure hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid and other non-oxidizing halide salt solutions.
Crevice corrosion is a geometrical-dependent type of localized attack that occurs in occluded regions where a stagnant and corrosive electrolyte is in contact with the surface of a passive metal1,2. Crevices are present in all industrial designs and can lead to major failure since their detection is often challenging3,4. Main strategies for the prevention and mitigation of crevice corrosion include design awareness and adequate materials selection5.
Nowadays, titanium-based alloys are commonly used in biomedical applications as, for example, materials for dental implants or hip replacements. Their good corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and high mechanical properties for a relative weight make them good candidates. However, improvements in the design of these alloys for biomedical applications need to be made.
Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel-base alloys are frequently used as engineering materials in the Oil & Gas industry. They excel because of their outstanding combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. In that regard, alloy N07725 is of high interest as it offers better corrosion resistance than the widely used N07718, while also offering better high temperature strength than solid-solution nickel-base alloys.