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This paper explores four specific modes of failure. 1. The dezincification of brass. 2. Problems that plague galvanized pipe. 3. Graphitization of cast iron. 4. Pitting corrosion of stainless steel due to effects of manganese.
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High-entropy alloys (HEAs), are multicomponent alloys of at least 5 elements with 5-35 atomic % each. Immersion and electrochemical testing indicate that some high-entropy alloys have better corrosion performance than commercial alloys UNS N10276, UNS K03014, and UNS 31600.
The original Def Stan was adopted as an AMPP standard under the provisions of the AMPP Standards Committees Operating Manual Procedures for Conversion of Government Agency Standards.
This standard is a guide to corrosion protection against atmospheric corrosion and covers all aspects from the basic mechanisms of aqueous corrosion, though a summary of the differing types to a detailed review of aspects of atmospheric corrosion. It concludes with a detailed survey of the methods of control against corrosion and a focused description of the particular methods of corrosion protection for different metals and alloys.
Case study: A Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage facility in northern Alberta, Canada is examined as it experienced two very similar failures in heat exchanger tubes within 2 years of each other due to a boiler feedwater tank without a nitrogen blanket and a low flow condition.