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Steel structures are often galvanized to ensure durability in harsh environments. However, on occasion, incidents of cracking have occurred in galvanized structures that appear to be induced during the galvanizing process. Such cracking incidences produce a significant cost to the industry, in that repair procedures are often necessary to eliminate any flaws present directly after galvanizing.
The paper considers best practice to realise the optimum combination of strength, toughness,corrosion resistance and radiographic integrity in UNS S32760 pipe girth welds made using theGTAW process.Aspects of fit up, tacking, root gap are considered. The effect of weld heat input and heat inputcontrol through the thickness of the joint, welding technique, inter pass temperature control andthe use of different combinations of shielding and backing gasses on corrosion resistance ofjoints is presented. Current specification, procedure and welder qualification requirements arediscussed, as is the need for supplementary testing, in particular quantitative microstructuralevaluation.
This standard practice provides technical and quality assurance guidelines for handling and installing nickel alloy, stainless steel, and titanium linings in air pollution control equipment (e.g., FGD systems, ducts, and stacks). The concepts and guidance included in this standard may also be useful in other process industries, but may require modification to meet the requirements of a particular process. This standard is intended to be a basis for preparation of a specification to be agreed on by contracting parties for the installation of wallpaper lining in air pollution control and other process equipment. It is the responsibility of users of this standard to determine the suitability of specific procedures, metals, and alloys for particular applications.
The super-austenitic grade Alloy 35Mo has recently been developed and already been installed in shell-and- tube heat exchangers globally. The grade has shown excellent results in different laboratory tests. However, the grade must also be tested in industrial environments, which will take some time until results can been obtained.
Defines minimum physical quality and inspection standards for cast sacrificial anodes for offshore applications.
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Apart from the well-tried cellulosic electrodes, in the range from E6010-E9010, there arealso low hydrogen grades of weld consumables, which are used in vertical downhillposition - commonly called as BVD (Basic Vertical Down) electrodes. In addition, theseamless flux cored wires, are gaining prominence in the welding industry as a bettersolution compared to the conventional cellulosic electrodes.The development of BVD electrodes started because of the desire to use high-strengthTM pipe steels with relatively high toughness (e.g. X80). Cellulosic electrodes could notmeet the requirements for cold crack resistance and high toughness properties of theweld metal. To a high degree, economical efficiency is determined by the achievabledeposition rate and the possible welding speeds. In comparison to basic vertical-upelectrodes, significant time advantage of 40-50% can be achieved with the use of BVDelectrodes for the fill and cap layers.Seamless Flux Cored wires for pipeline applications follow a different manufacturingapproach compared to the conventional folded techniques and are much reliable withconsistent performance in terms of weldability and quality. The seamless FCAW wires,offers a unique and trustworthy solution in terms of arc stability and low defect rates.These wires are also suitable to be used under sour service applications having beentested for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking applications.
There is no confidence in the A923 Test Method C for weld procedurequalification of 25% Cr DSS on a consistent basis. The ability to obtain corrosionrates < 10 mdd is not achievable at 40°C for samples in the “as-welded”condition.