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Assessment of sigma phase embrittlement in austenitic stainless steels such as Type 304H, commonly used in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. Other austenitic stainless steels used in other refining process units are also discussed. The detection and measuring of the amount of sigma phase were made using metallography.
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This paper reviews the concerns of applying excessive levels of cathodic protection current to pipelines and the need for establishing an upper potential limit. Coating disbondment, hydrogen induced stress cracks, stress corrosion cracking, hard spots and the problems associated with measurement of a true polarized pipe-to-electrolyte potential are addressed.
Metallurgical investigations on a welded sample of 25% Cr super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32750) from a vessel that had operated above 300-350°C (570-660°F) for six months, resulting in brittle fracture.
A series of NACE TM0177 Tensile Test Method A tests were conducted on various commercially available chromium-manganese austenitic stainless steels as well as 17-4PH in the 110ksi-to-130ksi yield strength range (34 - 35 HRC max).
HFW pipes is considered a cost-effective pipe option for oil and gas pipeline projects. The HFW seam performance is always a concern, especially in challenging environments such as low temperature applications and wet sour services. One of the challenges include the seam properties to resist sulfide stress cracking (SSC) or hydrogen embrittlement (HE) when exposed to hydrogen charging environment such as a wet sour service.
The purpose of this report is to communicate the effects of wildfires heat and combustion products on corrosion resistance, material properties, and mechanical integrity of power transmission infrastructure and to identify next steps to research, develop, and implement future asset integrity management actions for the power industry. The report addresses the following general topics.
A wildfire, bushfire, wildland fire or field fire is an unplanned, unwanted, and usually uncontrolled event in an area of combustible vegetation. Due to climate change, many locations in the United States and worldwide, such as Australia and even India, are subject to wildfires due to dry conditions during parts of the year.
During plant shutdown maintenance, some components cannot be removed out of service immediately for metallurgical examination due to high cost involved and loss of production hours. The best alternative is to replicate the lab based metallography work under the field conditions. Field Metallography and Replication (FMR) also known as in-situ metallography is a powerful non-destructive test (NDT) tool used to examine the microstructure of the component when it is still in service. Moreover, FMR is also used to study the microstructural alterations for the fitness for service assessment.
This paper provides case studies of materials in Natural Gas Processing facility where FMR was used as an NDT tool without sectioning the component. This paper discusses the damage mechanisms such as sigma phase embrittlement, stress relaxation cracking and creep.
An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.
Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.
This standard practice is intended to provide guidance to those designing, fabricating, and/or maintaining refinery equipment and piping that are exposed to caustic environments.
Caustic is used in many petroleum refinery applications in a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. Caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel (CS) equipment has been reported in industry since the 1930s, e.g., in riveted steam boilers. NACE has published guidance for handling sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the form of a “Caustic Service Chart” since at least the mid-1960s.
Root cause analysis involves a detailed process of evidence collection, investigation of the evidence, subsequent analysis, and identification of corrective actions based on conclusions drawn from the evidence. The process when diagrammed out seems simple, however paramount to the process is identifying the problem or failure accurately. Misunderstanding the failure leads to misidentification of the root cause which in turn begets mitigation efforts that may or may not impactfully remediate the original failure.