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National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP) Surface Preparation and Coatings (SP&C) Panel 2015 Updated

Product Number: 41215-924-SG

Author: Arcino Quiero, Jr.

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

The paper is an overview of the National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP) Surface Preparation and Coating Panel’s (SP&C) mission to reduce the cost of construction, maintenance, and repair of US Navy ships. The Panel’s “Specs to Decks” approach; research, evaluate, develop, and sustain current and emerging technologies that will reduce cost and maintain or enhance quality, serves as a rudder that guides the Panel’s performance.

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51317--9637-Non-Metallic Liners for Dense Slurry (Oil Sands) Applications

Product Number: 51317--9637-SG

ISBN: 9637 2017 CP

Author: Duane Serate

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper summarizes the experimental findings, discusses the effects of a typical bitumen-water slurry solution on the wear performance of polyurethanes and neoprenes and proposes a mathematical relationship between Coriolis (low stress, low angle abrasion & scouring) wear to the relevant physical properties in the virgin state of polyurethanes and neoprenes.

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Role of Non-Metallic Inclusions and the Microstructure Constituents on HIC Performance

Product Number: MPWT19-14439

Author: Amro Al-Hattab1,Diaa Elsanosy2, Gaurav Tomer3, Abdullah Al-Jarbou4

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

With increasing oil & gas demand and depletion of sweet reserves, oil & gas companies in the regional
economies are focusing towards the exploitation of sour resources. This necessitates the use of pipelines
and down-hole tubing made from special steels with significant resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking
(HIC). These steels are produced through specific technologies for enhanced chemical composition control
and microstructural engineering to incorporate the required strength, weld ability and improved HIC
resistance. It is well established that the HIC initiates at sites with microstructural heterogeneities whether
due to presence of gross nonmetallic inclusions or the micro-structural constituents. The presence of central
segregation further aggravates the conditions particularly when the final pipe sizes require the longitudinal
slitting of the coils. Presence of non-metallic inclusions in the steel makes it vulnerable to hydrogen-induced
cracking under wet H2S environment. The mechanism of HIC begins with the generation of hydrogen atoms
by corrosion reaction of H2S and Fe in the presence of free water. The hydrogen atoms then diffuse into
steel and accumulate around the inclusions. The higher number of inclusions equates to the more sites
available for hydrogen adsorption. Recombination of hydrogen atoms to H2 molecules builds up a heavy
gas pressure in the interface between matrix and inclusions. Cracking initiates because of the tensile stress
field caused by hydrogen gas pressure and crack propagates in the surrounding steel matrix. The
longitudinal slitting exposes the internal microstructural abnormalities to the skelp edges which are then
incorporated in the thermally stressed weld zone. While the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) mostly
homogenizes the weld zone microstructure, the presence of excessive central line features cannot be
completely removed thereby making this zone more prone to HIC attack

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Impact of Specimen Geometry on Cathodic Disbondment Testing for Protective Coatings

Product Number: 51319-13367-SG

Author: Jessica Torrey

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

At NACE Corrosion 2018 researchers provided a side-by-side comparison of two cathodic disbondment test methodologies: NACE TM0115 and ASTM G8. During this testing the cathodic disbondment results varied based on specimen geometry contrary to previous findings which claim independence. Researchers designed a subsequent experiment to further elucidate the results of the prior study. The approach utilized NACE TM0115 test standard and a matrix of two coating systems and five sample geometries. One test set-up evaluated the following samples in immersion: 2-inch 3-inch and 4-inch diameter pipe as well as 4-inch by 6-inch flat panels. A second test set-up utilized the attached cell method. The paper presents the results of this experiment and provides recommendations to create a more robust test method for correlating cathodic disbondment testing to the selection of coatings systems to be used in conjunction with cathodic protection.

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Aerogel Additives for Next Generation of Water Borne Insulative Coatings

Product Number: 41212-671-SG

Author: Dhaval Doshi, Catherine Norwood, James Pidhurney

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Insulative coatings are prompting significant interest with increasing environmental and safety awareness and sensitivity to energy efficiency. Aerogels are the best thermal insulators in the world. Cabot’s aerogel has a thermal conductivity of 12mW/m-K (compared to still air or PU foam at 26mW/m-K) and is currently being used extensively in day lighting and oil & gas applications.

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Extent of Cathodic Reaction on Epoxy Coated Rebar with Partially Disbonded Coating

Product Number: 51317--9469-SG

ISBN: 9469 2017 CP

Author: Sylvia Kessler

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Distress (controlled surface breaks) was created on production samples of epoxy coated rebar and some were further subject to cathodic disbondment. Samples were cast in concrete and subjected to cyclic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.

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CorrCompilation: Advancements for Control of Inorgranic Scale, Volume 1 (e-book)

Product Number: 37648-e

ISBN: 978-1-57590-391-0

Author: edited by Wayne W. Frenier, FNACE

Publication Date: 2019

$125.00

This CorrCompilation focuses primarily on equilibrium-formed scales, where an aqueous fluid changes from an unsaturated equilibrium state to a saturated and supersaturated state and then solids may start to form. These types of fouling minerals include alkaline earth salts, silicates, alkaline salts (NaCl), sulfides, and under specific circumstances, metal sulfide salts that form through equilibrium changes. While corrosion product scales are not the subject of this book, the importance of corrosion product layers to the deposition of other scales will be described.

Since this is a CorrCompilation and more than 90 copies of NACE papers are included, the work is published in four volumes. The editor, Wayne W. Frenier, FNACE, provides an extensive introduction to each volume, offering the reader a thorough mix of history, theory, and engineering techniques and methods for addressing scale.

Volume 1: Introduction to Equipment Subject to Inorganic Scale

Volume 2: Current Mechanisms for Understanding Inorganic Scale Formation and Deposition

Volume 3: Chemistry and Application of Scale Inhibitors

Volume 4: Alternative Methods of Scale Control

This volume, “Introduction to Equipment Subject to Inorganic Scale,” describes the general types of oil and gas and industrial facilities that can be affected and frequently disabled by the formation and build-up of inorganic scale. This volume also describes many lab and field tests that are used to evaluate scaling and scale control methods.

NACE 2019 e-book

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09315 Ongoing American Welding Society (AWS) Plastic Welder Certification Program for Welding of Plastics

Product Number: 51300-09315-SG

ISBN: 09315 2009 CP

Author: Gary R. Hopkins

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

The on-going Plastic Welder Certification Program, endorsed by the American Welding Society in August, 2008 will address the qualifications of plastic welders through a national testing program based on written test procedure and weld performance test data derived from destructive testing.

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A Method for Extrapolating ISO9223 Response Functions

Product Number: 51319-12834-SG

Author: Joseph Mazzella

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Estimating corrosion growth rate is a non-linear multi-dimensional (space and time) challenge. Above-ground outdoor assets are affected by natural atmospheric factors such as climate salinity and human factors such as pollution. ISO9223 provides guidance including response functions and a classification schema (C1 thru C5) for estimating corrosion risk as a function of three variables: weather (temperature and humidity) dry deposition of sulfides and dry deposition of chlorides. Climate data is widely available but dry deposition data is either not available or very expensive to collect requiring laboratory methods. Fortunately wet deposition data for chlorides and sulfides are available and accurately reported. In this paper a method for estimating ISO9223 compliant dry deposition data using wet deposition data and other climate-based factors is presented.An approach to extrapolate all ISO9223 inputs for any location in North America using GIS algorithms is also demonstrated. This method usesinverse distance weighted (IDW) techniqueto build estimates of parameters based on geospatial interpolation and linear models for estimation of atmospheric conditions. This provides the ability to estimate ISO9223 classification schema for any latitude and longitude pairs in North America leveraging the ISO9223 methodology using more widely available data. The potential benefits are significant from optimization of coating selections and maintenance schedules to construction considerations. As a case study the model was applied for a North American pipeline operator to develop an atmospheric corrosivity map of their assets. Future work includes direct collection of on-site growth rate data and improved ISO9223 response functions incorporating additional variables such as electromagnetic interference and NO-based pollution sources.

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09059 Efficacy of Isothiazolone Biocide versus Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

Product Number: 51300-09059-SG

ISBN: 09059 2009 CP

Author: Terry M. Williams

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

Chloromethyl-methylisothiazolone (CMIT/MIT) biocide is used for microbial control in industrial water treatment applications. It is effective versus various types of bacteria, algae and fungi. This paper will provide results of planktonic and biofilm efficacy studies with CMIT/MIT biocide versus various strains of Desulfovibrio.

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The Effects of Additive Manufacturing on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of Alloy 718

Product Number: 51323-19358-SG

Author: W. Fassett Hickey, John H. Macha, Brendy Rincon Troconis, Thomas Dobrowolski, Wei Chen

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Parts produced via additive manufacturing (AM) are being adopted broadly among many industries and
used in an array of applications. AM parts are attractive to these industries for several reasons. Complex
geometries that cannot be manufactured using traditional, subtractive methods can be produced
additively.

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51317--9551-Identification of Compounds that Effectively Block Microbial H2S Production

Product Number: 51317--9551-SG

ISBN: 9551 2017 CP

Author: Brett Geissler

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

We have identified a class of inhibitory molecules that abrogate sulfidogenesis in oilfield produced fluids. Bottle tests and laboratory-scale bioreactors to mimic field conditions, found that very low doses of two versions of this class of compounds were found to effectively prevent H2S generation.

Available for download

Review of Key Factors Related to Sour Service Material Selection for HPHT Oil & Gas Production A

Product Number: 51319-13400-SG

Author: Jing Ning

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Failure mechanisms manifest in Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) steels for highly sour applications are dominated by corrosion and Environmentally-Assisted Cracking (EAC). EAC of high strength low alloy carbon steels typically used in well completion has been a problem of major concern for the reliable exploitation of reservoirs that produce or condense significant amounts of water alongside dissolved CO2 and H2S. A critical issue in selecting OCTG steels that are considered suitable for sour service is selection of representative laboratory conditions of the actual High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) service environments. The issue is due to a lack of reliable sour ionic model(s) to understand non-ideal sour gas/solution behavior at HPHT conditions. Such ionic model(s) will form the foundation for designing / specifying experimental environments and lab tests to ascertain optimized H2S serviceability limits of a number of potential sour service metallic alloys.This paper provides a comprehensive review of current understanding of H2S ionic / thermodynamic modeling for HPHT applications as a precursor to predicting physical chemistry. This typically involves characterizing the role of key parameters such as H2S gas partial pressure gas fugacity aqueous chemical activity species concentrations and ionic strength. Also addressed as part of this review are evaluations of recent studies incorporating advanced thermodynamic models at HPHT conditions in evaluating EAC susceptibility of OCTG steels in sour media.The objectives of this review paper are to identify the key challenges and limitations facing the current EAC cracking limits per NACE MR0175 / ISO15156 and make recommendations for adoption of typical best practices in selecting materials for HPHT sour upstream production applications.Keywords: Hydrogen Sulfide High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Material Selection Sour Ionic / Thermodynamic Model

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07006 INORGANIC ZINC PRIMER VS ORGANIC ZINC PRIMER: (an end-user point of view ).

Product Number: 51300-07006-SG

ISBN: 07006 2007 CP

Author: Massimo Cornago

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

In this paper the approach of an Oil Company is demonstrated from the initial choice between different primers: inorganic zinc and organic (epoxy) zinc., to all the preliminary pre-qualification tests, the subsequently field test performed, and the procedures adopted, costs included.

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Underground AC Power Transmission Line Feasibility Study

Product Number: 51319-13034-SG

Author: Matthew Lechelt

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Alternating Current (AC) interference affects pipelines collocated near high voltage transmission lines. While overhead high voltage AC transmission line collocations are common underground high voltage AC transmission line collocations while less common can cause similar interference effects on pipelines. This paper describes a feasibility evaluation of a proposedunderground transmission line route in the United Kingdom affecting a nearby pipeline. The proposed transmission line was to consist of either three 220 kV circuits or six 132 kV circuits; both cases were evaluated. The proposed transmission line phase cables were to be installed with concentric sheath conductors direct buried in a close trefoil configuration and bonded to underground splice boxes at various locations. In addition to the proposed transmission line route the project evaluated a set of base cases: a typical pipeline paralleling at varying offsets for various lengths under a variety of operating conditions and a typical pipeline crossing scenario. The effect of soil resistivity on the interference levels experienced by the pipeline was considered. The feasibility study assessed the expected steady state fault state and AC corrosion effects that the proposed transmission line could have on any nearby pipelines. Results for all cases and scenarios will be discussed.Key words: AC interference case study underground AC power transmission pipeline integrity

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Considerations for Heating Liquid Storage Tanks During Cold Weather Coating Work

Product Number: 41205-157-SG

Author: Russ Brown

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

The coatings industry has gone through many changes. High-performance coatings have advanced to a point where they can be applied in almost any condition under nearly any circumstance to protect and increase the life expectancy of a steel structure.

Available for download

Susceptibility of Selected Steel Grades to Hydrogen Embrittlement – Simulating Field Conditions by P

Product Number: 51319-13402-SG

Author: Anton Trautmann

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The technical suitability of the steel grades L80 and 42CrMo4 (UNS G41400) for the application in an underground gas production facility is investigated. Therefore the materials are tested with respect to their susceptibility to embrittlement by hydrogen gas up to a maximum H2-partial pressure of 20 bar by means of constant load tests (CLTs) and immersion tests with subsequent hydrogen analysis.The tests are carried out within a specially developed and constructed autoclave setup which enables rotation and heating of the vessels. Each autoclave holds 3 specimens: a coupon for measuring the weight loss an immersion specimen for hydrogen analysis and a small tensile specimen under constant load (CLT).Tests are done under realistic field conditions and hence samples are periodically wetted by the aqueous part of the test medium which contains chloride in a concentration of 15000mg/l. The gaseous part of the medium consists of H2 and/or CO2. Tests are performed with or without a corrosion inhibitor and last 30 days. In general the examined steel grades show a good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement but application limits are presented.

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Designing Ships Water Ballast Tanks to Improve the Performance of Coatings

Product Number: 41211-619-SG

Author: D. Broderick, R. Kattan, P.N.H. Wright

Publication Date: 2011

$20.00

Currently the shipbuilding industry is seeking to minimize to improve corrosion protection provided to the structures which comprise the Water Ballast Tanks (WBT’s) of a vessel. At the design stage two factors could reduce the carbon footprint of the coating process through life material selection and optimizing the structural design to facilitate the coating process and maintenance processes. Thus, the design stage exerts considerable influence on these two elements and can determine the through life costs and environmental penalties of maintaining the structure.

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TM0186-1989, Holiday Detection of Internal Tubing Coatings of 10 to 30 Mils (0.25 to 0.76 mm) Dry Film Thickness

Product Number: 53057-HD1989

Author: NACE

Publication Date: 1989

$179.00

A nondestructive test method for the detection of holidays in a nonconductive coating film...applied to the inner wall (bore) of oil field tubular goods. Test apparatus…procedure…reporting…Historical document 1989

Available for download

The Caruthersville Bridge: Challenges of a Calcium Sulfonate Alkyd System

Product Number: 41210-572-SG

Author: Ernst Toussaint

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

There are several thousand bridges that are scheduled for maintenance painting both in the State of Tennessee and Missouri. The Caruthersville Bridge (I-155 Mississippi River Bridge) is an on-going project, which is the northern-most bridge over the Lower Mississippi River, with the combined flow of the Upper Mississippi and the Ohio River.

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Very High Solid Acrylic Polyol Technology for low VOC 2K Direct To Metal (DTM) Coatings

Product Number: 51220-228-SG

Author: J. Arendt, G. Delmas, J.Mazajczyk J.Lassalle, C.Gaudré

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Metals and their alloys offer high strength and outstanding mechanical properties. When exposed to corrosive conditions metals corrode first creating minor aesthetic problems then with time and further corrosion significant damage and a loss of service life. Corrosion has a demonstrated economic impact on all modern societies. Often multi-layer anticorrosion coatings systems protect the metal from corrosion.

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LoRaWAN – The Future of Remote Sensing Technology

Product Number: MECC23-19983-SG

Author: Mitchell Gribi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

We live in a data driven world where technology is constantly evolving and making our lives easier, but even with this progression, industrial facilities are still struggling with the lack of reliable and sufficient data. LoRa has the capability to affordably expand remote sensing technologies in industrial applications, thereby improving operational efficiency, automating processes, and improving safety. With several different types of sensors available, and many more being created every year, LoRa is set to become the industry standard for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

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Sol-Rec2: Recycle of Multicomponent, Multilayer Systems towards Sustainable Waste Management

Product Number: 51324-20837-SG

Author: Adamantini Loukodimou; Christopher Lovell; Kranthi Maniam; Adriana Castro Vargas; George Theodosopoulos; Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Recycling flexible packaging multi-materials such as blister packs and food packaging laminates is critical if we are to reduce the severe environmental effect of plastic waste. The purpose of the experimental work was to develop a series of non-toxic, stable, deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquids (ILs) for the separation and the recovery of polymer-aluminium laminates. Studies identified a number of DESs and ILs that could be used to successfully delaminate three common aluminium containing packaging laminates thereby enabling complete separation and recovery of the constituent plastic and aluminium layers. Analyses of the corrosion and/or dissolution behaviour of aluminium in the DESs and ILs found such effects to be limited towards the recyclability/uprecyclability of the aluminium.

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Predicting Long-Term Exposure Performance of Galvanized Rebar Based on Artificial Intelligence and Electrochemical Methods

Product Number: 51324-21166-SG

Author: Deeparekha Narayanan; Yi Lu; Victor Ponce; Homero Castaneda

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this work, we carried out electrochemical studies on ASTM A615 (bare steel rebar), ASTM A767 (steel rebar with hot dip galvanized zinc coating), and ASTM A1094 (steel rebar with continuously galvanized zinc coating) rebars exposed to two different environments. In one condition, the samples were exposed to a simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) containing 3.5 wt.% NaCl. Over a period of 12 months, the electrochemical properties of the samples were regularly assessed through open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on a weekly basis. In the other condition, steel rebars were embedded in concrete with water-to-cement ratio of 0.53. A controlled surface area of the cast concrete block was exposed to a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using a dam mounted on it. This method allowed for the introduction of chlorides into the reinforced concrete while maintaining control over the exposure process. Under these conditions, the rebars were continuously monitored by carrying out OCP and EIS tests for a period of up to three years since curing. Based on the experimental results obtained, we developed a mathematical framework that combines mechanistic and machine-learning concepts for analyzing the behavior of the rebars in both conditions. EIS analysis was utilized to quantify the transports processes, activation, and interface interaction of the rebars with the corrosive environments in each condition. EIS served as tool to quantify the transports processes, activation mechanisms, and interface interaction of the rebars within corrosive environments across diverse conditions. We conducted this analysis using a Time Series Prediction (TPS) approach of several phase angle plots along 300 days of rebars in pore solution and 900 days of rebars in reinforced concrete, which leveraged recurrent neural networks techniques to predict corrosion mechanisms. This approach allowed us to learn dynamically from real-time measurements, eliminating the sole reliance on domain expertise for parameter optimization. Finally, we utilized our comprehensive experimental-theoretical framework, which integrated Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy testing, to make long-term predictions for the performance of the rebars using neural networks techniques. These predictions spanned several years and were based on rigorous analysis. To validate the accuracy and reliability of our framework, we compared the predictions with the experimental results, thereby confirming the accuracy and reliability of our predictions.

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PBTC Revisited

Product Number: 51317--9105-SG

ISBN: 9105 2017 CP

Author: Robert Ferguson

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The upper limits for the inhibitor PBTC (2-phosphonobutane 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid) when used as the sole treatment, and in combination with other inhibitors. Both synergism and antagonism were observed for the inhibitor blends, with the interaction type being a function of ratio.

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Susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to hydrogen embrittlement

Product Number: 51323-19273-SG

Author: Lütfi Ekmekci, Merlin Seifert, Clara Herrera

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A decarbonized energy system is underway worldwide. The Paris Agreement goal is to keep global warming “below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to pursue effort to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.” To achieve this long-term temperature goal, big changes are needed in the ways energy is produced, distributed and storage.

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Relationship between Inhibitor Adsorption and Surfactant Properties:Critical Parameters

Product Number: 51319-13245-SG

Author: Ashwini Chandra

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A novel experimental methodology for investigating the relationship between corrosion inhibitor adsorption and micellization processes was developed and implemented using different types of inhibitor molecules have been investigated. The approach involved integrating the following experimental methodologies – Mott-Schottky Cyclic Voltammetry Quartz Crystal Microbalance Surface Tension and Fluorescence SpectroscopyHomologous series of quaternary amines and hydroxyethyl imidazolines were studied and compared to establish the effect of critical parameters such as pH salinity temperature and carbon chain length on the adsorption and micellization process. The two processes have been found to be closely related and depend not only on the surfactant properties (polar head group and carbon chain length) but also on environmental parameters such as temperature pH and ionic strength. Adsorption isotherms and critical micelle concentrations were determined under different solution conditions and were used to calculate thermodynamic constants – Gibbs free energy (ΔG) enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) change associated with the two processes. The correlation of these constants that are related to the active components of these inhibitor molecules and solution conditions can help in developing and characterizing corrosion inhibitors required to be used under challenging conditions in the oil and gas industry.

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The Combined Influences of Microstructure, Strength, and Titanium Content on the Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51323-19348-SG

Author: Stephen A. McCoy, E. Buddy Damm, Brian A. Baker, William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Precipitation hardenable nickel alloys N09925, N07718, N09945, N09946 and N07725 provide high strength and excellent sour service corrosion resistance for critical downhole oilfield applications. This family of alloys achieves yield strength minimums ranging from 120 to 160 KSI (827-1103 MPa) and can withstand high temperatures and partial pressures of H2S. The primary strengthening mechanism is the formation of γ’ and γ” nanometer sized particles during an age hardening heat treatment.

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Critical Review on Sulphide Scale Formation, Removal and Inhibition

Product Number: 51320-14731-SG

Author: Bader Al-Harbi, Norah Aljeaban, Alexander Graham, Ken Sorbie

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sulphide scales, namely iron sulphide (FeS), zinc sulphide (ZnS) and lead sulphide (PbS), are increasingly being encountered in gas/oil wells. These scales can present serious safety concerns, impair well productivity and limit access to downhole tools. There are many published research studies addressing sulphide scale removal and inhibition. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the governing processes of sulphide scale formation and prevention. Furthermore, there are contradictory results in the literature on issues such as the removal procedures and inhibition tests for sulphide scales. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to critically review the published work on sulphide scale formation, removal and inhibition, to address the factors that control them and to discuss some of the apparent discrepancies in published experimental studies.
The review discusses the formation mechanisms of different sulphide scales in relation to the sources and levels of Fe, Zn, Pb and the sulphide species. The experimental procedures used by different researchers to evaluate sulphide scale dissolvers and inhibitors are described, along with the performance results for the chemistries tested to remove or prevent sulphide scales.
Hydrochloric acid has been shown to outperform rival chemistries for dissolving sulphide scales, however the associated high corrosion rate and H2S generation has necessitated the development of other dissolvers to overcome such drawbacks. Several dissolvers based on chelating agent chemistries combined with catalysts provided high dissolution rates, and the dissolution results and the reaction mechanisms will be discussed in some detail.

Multiple factors have been shown to play a significant role in the inhibition efficiency of sulphide scale inhibitors including pH, salinity, temperature, scale formation sequence and mechanism, and the initial concentrations of sulphide species and scaling metals. In addition, there is a developing understanding of the significance of scale inhibitor consumption in these systems.
Understanding the formation mechanism is essential for accurate interpretation of scale-related issues in the field and for providing the correct treatment strategy. A more complete knowledge of these issues will lead to the further development of reliable procedures for generating dissolution and inhibition results and consequently improving the scale dissolver and inhibitor chemistries themselves.

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Assessing the Influence of Coating Thickness on its Mechanically Induced Loss of Integrity

Product Number: 51317--9294-SG

ISBN: 9294 2017 CP

Author: Shyama Ranade

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A new method for in situ measurement of loss of coating integrity. Tensile samples with pipeline coatings of thicknesses from 250 to 2000 μm were subjected to tensile elongation, electrochemical impedance measured before and after. Confirmed with techniques such as optical microscopy.

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51318-11709-CP Inspection of Jacket Based on High Sensitive Field Gradient Sensors

Product Number: 51318-11709-SG

Author: G. Ø. Lauvstad / M. Bjørnstad / H. Osvoll / T. Blakset / S. Strømstad,

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

A new field gradient tool for CP inspection has been developed to measure electric fields in seawater very accurately. Based on the information provided, the current density on the surface can be quantified and the location of coating damages determined.

Available for download

RP0191-1991, The Application of Internal Plastic Coatings for Oilfield Tubular Goods and Accessories

Product Number: 53078-HD1991

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1991

$179.00

Application of internal plastic coatings (polymeric film) applied to oilfield tubular goods (tubing, casing, drill pipe) and oilfield accessories (e.g., fittings, valves, packers). Inspection. Quality control. In-plant handling. Storage. Historical Document 1991

Available for download

Guidance For Thermal Stability Of Common Oilfield Chemicals

Product Number: 51322-17745-SG

Author: Tracey Jackson, Johnathon Brooks, Zhengwei Liu, Sunder Ramachandran

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

As oilfield technologies have advanced, they have made high temperature (HT) reservoirs more accessible. HTs make the application of chemical more difficult because chemical instability at HT restricts what intermediates will work in these environments and the safety and complexity of HT testing further adds to the challenge.

Available for download

Coating Metal for Commercial Settings

Product Number: 41211-651-SG

Author: Dewayne Steele

Publication Date: 2011

$20.00

Metal Components- Selection of coatings for use on joists, canopies, and structural steel, including problems with protecting steel that penetrates concrete or the ground.

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05042 Remote Monitoring Units (RMU) for Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51300-05042-SG

ISBN: 05042 2005 CP

Author: Ashok Kumar and Larry D. Stephenson, US Army Engineering Research & Development Center

$20.00

Impressed current cathodic protection (CP) systems for water storage tanks must be periodically tested in order to ensure proper performance. Remote monitoring units (RMU) provide the ability to monitor CP system performance data from remote locations using modem-equipped personal computers.

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Qualification of Acid Systems for Wellbore Damage Removal: Case Histories from the Norwegian Continental Shelf

Product Number: 51317--9186-SG

ISBN: 9186 2017 CP

Author: Yogesh Choudhary

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Concerning acid qualification programs: • Case 1: API(1) 5CT grade 13% Cr-80 and UNS(2) S41426 martensitic stainless steel well construction materials and a reservoir temperature of 135°C • Case 2: API 5CT grade 13% Cr-80 tubing material and a reservoir temperature below 100°C

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Proposed Test Protocol for Evaluating Internal Coating Systems for Railcar Sour Oil Applications

Product Number: 51324-20646-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; Henry Pedraza

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Crude oil is usually transported by pipelines from the production areas to refineries. However, in North America, particularly Canada, a significant amount of crude oil is transported via specially designed railcars. The internals of the railcars are typically coated with a high-quality coating system to prevent corrosion. Still, coating failures do occur due to the unique cyclic operating service conditions of the railcars. Thus, elevated temperatures are used to reduce fluid viscosity with a resultant increase in the vapor pressure while the loading of the oil in the railcars. Once loaded, the crude is transported under ambient temperature and pressure until the railcars reach their destination. During off-loading, elevated temperatures are again used for reducing the viscosity of the oil. After emptying the contents, the railcars are allowed to return to ambient conditions and sent back to the production area to repeat the loading, transportation, unloading cycle. Currently, there is no established test protocol to evaluate candidate coating systems for railcar internals under simulated operating conditions. Testing is usually done under a single set of operating conditions of loading or unloading and does not include the synergistic effect of the different temperature variations. This paper presents a detailed test protocol for evaluating candidate coating systems for railcar internals. The proposed test protocol was designed to simulate the expected service conditions of railcars using a modified NACE TM0185-2006 test procedure, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing”. The modification includes the cyclic service condition of railcars – fuel loading, loaded transportation, off-loading, dry heat and empty transportation.

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Investigating the thermal stability and corrosivity of biocrude oil at FCC feeding temperatures for co-processing applications

Product Number: 51323-18895-SG

Author: Henry Pedraza, Yimin Zeng, Haoxiang Wang, Jing Liu, Xue Han

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, can be converted into bio-oil (BO) via thermochemical conversion pathways. Among them, fast pyrolysis is the most common and the only industrially applied approach to convert dry biomass into BO. There are many advantages of using BO to replace traditional fossil fuels. For example, the amount of CO2 generated from biofuel combustion is close to that absorbed in raw biomass growth, leading to a net-zero carbon emission from energy production. BO combustion generates lower emissions of SOx and NOx compared to conventional fossil fuels.

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Heat Treatment of Heat Exchanger U-bends - Practices on Different Materials and Case Histories of Failures

Product Number: 51324-20815-SG

Author: Shahab Soltaninia; Zesan Ardaniel; Cathleen Shargay; Sarah Radovcich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

There is currently confusion and differing practices being specified by purchasers, Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (S&T HX) fabricators and/or U-bend suppliers regarding when and how to heat treat tubing U-bends. The need for Heat Treatment (HT) varies based on the material, service, and tightness of the bend (i.e., the degree of strain). The methods used for heat treating are typically furnace or Electric-Resistance (ER). This paper first summarizes the international codes and standards requirements for S&T HX U-bend heat treatment. Next it provides the highlight of some industry studies and compiles case histories of U-bend failures from literature and conference minutes. The overall goal for this paper is to propose possible initial changes to the relevant standards with future changes being added after the additional testing.

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Practical Application of Lifecycle Costing of Coating Systems – Effectively Using Forecasted Service Life and Cost Consideration Data

Product Number: 51323-19210-SG

Author: J. Peter Ault, Jayson Helsel

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

For each sample project, the service environment (i.e. exposure conditions) and anticipated maintenance painting sequence needs to be defined. The service environments correspond to ISO 12944-2, “Classification of Environments.” The referenced paper (referred to as the Paper) presents a sequence for typical maintenance painting.

This sequence includes the follow steps:

Original Painting
Spot Touch-Up and Repair (1 or 2 cycles)
Maintenance Repaint [spot prime and full coat] (1 or 2 cycles)
Full Repaint [total coating removal and replacement]

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51316-7139-Metallurgical Methods used to Assess the Significance of Pipeline Stress Cracking

Product Number: 51316-7139-SG

ISBN: 7139 2016 CP

Author: Steve Biagiotti

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Methods used to destructively determine the actual crack depths in the Pipeline Research Council International project as well as the statistical comparison of those values to the NDE measurements. We also briefly introduce advanced fracture mechanics analysis techniques that can be used to assess the safety significance of crack-like pipeline anomalies.

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Investigation of FeS Precipitation Kinetics by EQCM

Product Number: 51319-13425-SG

Author: Zheng Ma

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

In the present study an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) was used to investigate iron sulfide (FeS) precipitation kinetics from 40°C to 80°C in an aqueous H2S corrosion environment. For these FeS precipitation experiments two different substrates were used: a cathodically polarized iron-coated quartz crystal and a freely corroding iron-coated quartz crystal. The precipitation rates measured were repeatable and consistent when compared at the same temperature. It was noticed that the precipitation rates of FeS were not very sensitive to the change of temperature. It was also observed that the FeS saturation level on the substrate surface should be taken into consideration when the bulk saturation level of FeS is relatively low as the surface pH could be up to three units higher than the solution pH due to the cathodic polarization. From the obtained EQCM results the theoretical kinetic constant and the activation energy for FeSwere determined (based on bulk saturation only) from three possible FeS formation pathways.

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State of Technology: Cleaning and Coating UAV Systems

Product Number: 51220-262-SG

Author: Jeff McCutcheon, Robert (Bob) Dahlstrom

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Cleaning, coating, and the nondestructive testing (NDT) of corrosion-susceptible surfaces requires extensive manual labor, often at vertical heights that create a dangerous occupational environment. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) can be leveraged to perform some of these tasks, including cleaning and coating, while keeping workers safely on the ground.

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Reducing Embodied Carbon by Using Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Rather than Steel

Product Number: MECC23-20045-SG

Author: Nik Lye; Blake Herbert; Rocky Friedrich; Simon Eves; Allen Chiu

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Climate change and global warming due to human-generated greenhouse gases are potentially the most prominent issues facing the political and economic world in recent times. “Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8°C to 1.2°C. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate.”

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Driving Higher Performance with Ultra-high Solids Epoxy Systems for Long-term Asset Protection

Product Number: 51218-162-SG

Author: Daniel Totev

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Epoxy coatings have a long and successful track record in marine and protective coatings, due to the combined offerings of excellent corrosion and chemical resistance. As regional environmental drivers become firmly established, the industry is faced with the constant challenge of providing solutions which can comply with emerging VOC regulations. There is a continuous trend to move the technology from the so-called conventional paint to high solids coatings, and more recently, to ultra-high solids coatings [1]. At the same time the overall performance attributes associated with high performance epoxy systems need to be either maintained or improved depending on specific industrial application needs. Many current high solids epoxy systems use non-reactive plasticizers such as benzyl alcohol or alkyl phenols to enable full chemical conversion of the polymer matrix. While this approach allows for reduced solvent demand, such products do not always address the market need for extended service life. The use of fugitive plasticizers can cause the coating to lose its flexibility over time as the plasticizer leaches out. In order to address this, a different plasticization approach to lower solvent requirement and ensure complete cure is needed. This paper will review the basics of high solids epoxy coatings compared to conventional epoxy technologies and describe the fundamental technical differences. It will also present new versatile amine curing agent technology that offers solutions to develop coatings compliant with stringent emission test accreditation, and at the same time, addresses many of the technical challenges associated with high solids systems. Furthermore, the absence of nonreactive plasticizers facilitates long-term conservation of the mechanical properties of the coating, and hence, helps deliver long-term asset protection.

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Aluminide Coatings on a Mo-Si-B-Ti-Fe Alloy

Product Number: 51319-13501-SG

Author: Deepali Patil

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Molybdenum-silicon-boron-titanium-iron (Mo-Si-B-Ti-Fe) alloys are of interest for high temperature applications primarily due to their superior creep resistance. However these alloys have unacceptable corrosion rates in high temperature environments thereby necessitating the need for protecting the surface of these alloys against oxidative attack. Aluminizing is one approach that could be effective. A Mo–12.5Si– 8.5B–25Ti–2Fe (at.%) alloy was aluminized using halide activated pack cementation (HAPC). The process was carried out at 750°C for times ranging from 1 to 25 hours in an argon environment. The aluminized specimens were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Coating thickness structure phase identification and elemental compositions were obtained using these techniques. The morphologies for different coating times in the 1 – 25 h range will be discussed. Cyclic oxidation tests of both aluminized and as-received Mo-Si-B-Ti-Fe were conducted for several cycles with each cycle consisting of a 1-hour hold at 800°C followed by room temperature exposure for 10 minutes. Aluminized coupons exhibited superior oxidation resistance relative to the as-received alloys of Mo-Si-B-Ti-Fe.

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Root Cause Analysis of a 30-inch Water Concrete Reinforced Pipe Rupture

Product Number: 51319-13060-SG

Author: Alejandrino Ruiz Alvarez

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

With over 7 decades of wide scale use of concrete reinforced pipe within infrastructure and water utilities in the United States the overall experience has generally been good. However intermittently problems can recur and drastically affect its performance. One such high profile and never the less recurring problem associated with concrete reinforced pipe has been discussed in this paper.In 2012 a rupture occurred on a 30-inch concrete reinforced water main pipe in the Northeastern United States. The 30-inch water main is a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). PCCP is a composite pipe material mainly composed of concrete (concrete core) steel cylinder (or steel liner) mortar/concrete coating and prestressed/high-tension wires wrapped around the steel cylinder which is outside of concrete core.Penspen Corporation Houston were contracted by the water main operator to carry out an independent diagnostic Root Cause Analysis (RCA) to determine the probable physical root cause(s) of the concrete reinforced pipe rupture and subsequent functional failure of the water pipe at the failure location and to identify the contributing failure factors.A detailed laboratory program for concrete and steel (wire and sleeve) specimens from both the immediate location of the rupture and locations away from the rupture for testing and comparison was recommended. The tests recommended included: visual inspection comprehensive metallurgical analysis of the material steel properties testing and concrete petrographic analysis.Laboratory test results revealed unusual anomalous corrosion pattern that occurred near the sleeve. The results indicated that the corrosion to the sleeve and wires at the rupture location occurred primarily to the outside surface of the sleeve/wire construct. That is only minor corrosion was noted on the inside surface of the sleeve even near the rupture location. This suggests that the thick outer mortar layer of the pressure pipe had been structurally compromised at some time during its life and ground water had permeated onto the steel sleeve and wire. The test results also showed that the chlorine level was as high as 4.1 weight percent on the corroded wires and 3.0 weight percent on the corroded sleeve. These levels are alarmingly high and far above the levels normally found in soils and therefore they support the fact that crevice corrosion attack occurred over a long time upon the outer surfaces of the sleeve and high strength wires.Following a deductive-inductive analysis the hypothesis “Soil with high dissolved salts (mainly Chlorides)” was identified as the most probable intermediate physical root cause based on evidence obtained and laboratory testing results for this RCA.This paper provides an overview adopted methodology analysis results interpretation for the different stages of this root cause analysis key findings with a discussion of the contributing failure factors and key recommendations to be considered with same service PCCP and external environment.

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Liquid Applied Insulation Coatings: From the Lab to the Field

Product Number: 51217-029-SG

Author: Nicole Bowman, Remi Briand, Jeremy Ethington

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Waterborne coatings are safer to use than their traditional solvent borne counterparts and can reduce environmental impacts. As the market share for waterborne coatings has grown, there has been increased focus on their performance. Simultaneously, the building industry has been challenging coatings manufacturers to provide functional coatings. No longer are aesthetics, corrosion prevention and protection enough; a coating can and should provide multiple benefits to the user. One of the fastest growing segments of the functional waterborne coatings market is liquid applied insulation coatings.

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