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A holiday is defined as a pinhole or discontinuity in a coating lining. These discontinuities are frequently very small and not readily visible and create a pathway for oxygen and an electrolyte to cause deterioration of the underlying substrate. These defects will tend to reduce the life expectancy of a coating in service, particularly if the service is to include immersion, such as the lining of a tank or a pipe.
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In linepipes for transportation of natural gas, suppression of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) caused by H2S contained in the transportation medium is an important issue. HIC is a phenomenon in which hydrogen atoms generated by a corrosion reaction penetrate steel and are accumulated in the central segregation part and inclusions in the steel, internal pressure is increased by gasification, and finally cracks occur.
The rapid curing and rapid project completion characteristics of reinforced inorganic zinc and polyaspartic ester technology enables new windmills to receive two-coat systems and be ready for shipment within 12 hrs. Significant cost reduction and optimization of life cycle costs are achieved for both new construction and maintenance projects using this technology.
The increasing need for fossil fuels has resulted in more aggressive drilling and exploitation in oil and gas production industry. As new explorations at more extreme conditions (i.e. high temperature and high pressure) become more frequent, new challenges arise in terms of drilling equipment, operation conditions and safe production. Among those challenges, the mineral scale deposition, as one of the serious problems both for the surface and subsurface oilfields, can cause pipelines plugging, equipment failure and decrease in production efficiency, even emergency shutdown.
This paper will present both laboratory and field trial results as evaluated with ASTM D610 for Zn-Ni nanolaminated and comparative coated fasteners and discuss how utilizing ASTM D610 helps to ensure objective, consistent red rust measurements.