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Proactive Corrosion Control Assessment to Treat Higher-Acidity Gas

Product Number: 51324-20773-SG

Author: Omar S. Al-Abdulgader; Mohammed A. Al-Muaisub

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Prior to commissioning of a new gas treatment plant, geotechnical analysis showed significant increase in the acidity levels of the feed. Therefore, on-site proactive corrosion control assessment was performed to enable processing higher-acidity gas safely without impacting project schedule. The corrosiveness level of the new feed was re-evaluated in terms of the new required operating conditions. The dominant corrosion damage mechanisms were identified based on the new levels of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide. Industrial standards and engineering practices were utilized to determine the potential impact on assets integrity. Top corrosion challenges that could be driven up by the increase in acid gas levels were proactively identified. Potential risks in the inlet and gas sweetening facilities were assessed, including the possibility of developing accelerated corrosion at the amine contactor and regenerator columns. The material endurance for the higher operating conditions, temperature and pressure, was evaluated. Further, different inspection techniques were utilized to validate the study results and findings. The inspection methods that were used to analyze and assess the amine contactor and regenerator columns are the On-Stream Inspection (OSI) using the External Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Visual Examination of the internal surface of the equipment during the turnaround interval. Moreover, process and corrosion simulations of anticipated acid gas and water levels were performed to evaluate the need for advanced corrosion control and inspection measures. Based on that, an effective corrosion control strategy was established including different integrated mitigation measures to ensure assets integrity throughout their full-life cycle.

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Probabilistic Techniques in Corrosion Modelling and Remnant Life Prediction

Product Number: 51324-20902-SG

Author: Navin S; Nicholas Laycock; Wouter Hamer; Valliappan V; Aswin Venugopal

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The Virtual Corrosion Engineer (VCE)(1) platform in Shell uses data from online monitoring of industrial plant process conditions as the input to the best available models for the damage mechanisms applicable to the equipment or components of interest. The primary output is then the corrosion rate or susceptibility to failure, displayed on a continuously updated dashboard in real time. However, for furnaces or heat exchangers with hundreds or thousands of tubes, most components of the input data are properly considered as distributions rather than single point value estimates, and hence the remnant life of the tubes is also best represented as a distribution. This paper shows how Monte-Carlo simulation techniques can be used to address this problem and improve the quality of decision making, using practical examples related to creep damage of furnace tubes in service.

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Procedures for Heat Treating Fabricated Equipment of Zirconium Alloys

Product Number: 95251

Author: Richard C. Sutherlin and Teledyne Wah chang

Publication Date: 1995

$20.00

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Process Development for Mechanistic Corrosion Models: Building, Validating, and Leveraging for Robust Outcomes

Product Number: 51324-20871-SG

Author: Daniel Fingas; Scott McKelvey; Keith Parker

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Computer modelling and simulation holds the promise of improved outcomes and more efficient resource allocation. However, attaining these results requires careful consideration of model inputs, robust mechanistic or probabilistic characterizations, delineation of assumptions, validation of outputs versus available data, and the appropriate use of model results. Formalizing these steps is necessary to ensure that checks and balances are implemented transparently and can be audited if necessary. A process has been developed by which a mechanistic corrosion model can be built, validated, and used. The most critical aspect of the process is the validation, by which the model can be tested and shown to be accurate within an acceptable tolerance. Nevertheless, the clear definition of the overall process allows the model to be properly understood, including the necessary context of inputs, assumptions, limitations, and uncertainty. Thus, the process allows the model output to be relied upon for managing risk and maintaining system integrity by both operators and regulators.

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PROFILE OR ROUGHNESS, WHICH IS IT?

Product Number: 51218-090-SG

Author: David Barnes

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

This paper looks at the measurement of both profile and roughness on metal surfaces prepared specifically to receive a coating system in order to protect it from corrosion. The difference between roughness and profile is discussed, whether one is more relevant than the other, and the merits of the different measurement methods for both parameters.

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Properties of Splash Zone and Immersion Coatings

Product Number: 51320-14634-SG

Author: T. Doan, N. Rakers, M. Shearer, M. DiTucci, J. Begley, X. Gu, A. Mubarok

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Splash and immersion zones on offshore installations are areas that are exposed to extremely aggressive environments due to the effects of sea water, tides, wind, waves, and/or ultraviolet radiation. Various certifications such as NORSOK(1) exist to help guide customers select a coating based on its corrosion resistance performance. Despite the necessity of these standards, it is helpful to understand that other properties such as substrate surface and cure conditions can greatly effect performance of the coatings. In this paper, we will compare adhesion of two coatings to different substrate surface conditions while both coatings will be cured in two different environments. Our goal is to investigate the effect of curing environment of coatings on adhesion to the substrate.

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Proposal Of 18Cr-8Ni Based Austenitic Stainless Steel With Superior Stress Relaxation Cracking Resistance

Product Number: 51322-17536-SG

Author: Takahiro Osuki, Yuhei Suzuki, Shinnosuke Kurihara, Toshihide Ono, Masaki Ueyama

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Various austenitic stainless steels such as UNS S30409, S31609, S32109 and 34709 are widely used in complex refinery or chemical plants at temperature ranges between 550°C and 950°C. However, Stress Relaxation Cracking (SRC) in welded joints or cold deformed parts has been a serious problem during fabrication or operation. Several researches were conducted to construct SRC test methods. This included the evaluation of SRC susceptibilities among various austenitic stainless steels and to determine SRC mechanism within TNO Science and Industry or JIP^1-4. It was concluded that SRC was caused by the accommodation of strain due to both carbide/nitride precipitation hardening inhibiting dislocation movement and the formation of precipitation free zone along the M₂₃C₆ carbide at grain boundary during stress relaxation process of welding residual stresses at temperatures between 550°C and 750°C.

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Proposal of a New Corrosion Index for Domestic Tap Water In Japan

Product Number: 51323-19056-SG

Author: Yuji Nakamura, Yasuki Matsukawa, Shinji Okazaki, Shukuji Asakura

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Japanese tap water has a low calcium hardness compared with those of countries in Europe and the Americas. There are many steep mountains and volcanos in Japan. These geological factors lead to features such as short rivers with water rich in SiO2. This leads to a lack of calcium compounds in river water because the flow rate is high and the dissolution rate of CaCO3 into water is low.

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Proposed Crack Growth Rate Disposition Curves For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Alloy 82 In BWR Environments

Product Number: ED22-18349-SG

Author: Peter L. Andresen, Robert G. Carter, Katsuhiko Kumagai

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

SCC in Fe- and Ni-base alloys has been observed in high temperature water, both in the laboratory tests and in BWRs. SCC results from complex interactions of ~10 primary variables and hundreds of secondary variables, broadly categorized in terms of stress, environment and microstructure.

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Proposed Crack Growth Rate Disposition Curves For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Alloy 82 In BWR Environments

Product Number: ED22-18350-SG

Author: P.L. Andresen, D.J. Shim, T. Terachi, T. Yamada, Y. Nomura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A database of SCC growth rates in commercial austenitic stainless steels exposed to pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary water environments was developed and analyzed from international data in high temperature water, with an emphasis on deaerated or hydrogenated water while also including water containing oxygen. Crack growth rate (CGR) disposition equations were derived to reflect the effects of stress intensity factor (K), temperature, Vickers hardness (HV, to represent retained deformation), with enhancement factors for oxygen-containing, high corrosion potential conditions. The tolerance to chloride and sulfate impurities in PWR primary water was also evaluated.

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Proposed Inclusion of UNS S82031 Into ASTM A1084

Product Number: 51324-21017-SG

Author: Jan Y Jonsson; Claes Tigerstrand; Björn Helmersson; James Oliver

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

For new products there are always a need to include them in relevant standards. One of the major areas of standards are the ones verifying that the final solution annealing has been adequate not creating detrimental levels of precipitates. For duplex stainless steels the ASTM A923 and ASTM A1084 serve well for this purpose. The relatively new duplex steel UNS S82031 should be fitted in either of the two standards. It has been shown earlier that ASTM A1084, intended for leaner duplex steels, which does not precipitate intermetallic phases, fits better as these do not precipitate easily in UNS S82031. A modified, somewhat more aggressive, test solution for method C has also been evaluated and is proposed as a more relevant solution for the inclusion of UNS S82031 and possibly also other mid-range duplexes into ASTM A1084.

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Proposed Test Protocol for Evaluating Internal Coating Systems for Railcar Sour Oil Applications

Product Number: 51324-20646-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; Henry Pedraza

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Crude oil is usually transported by pipelines from the production areas to refineries. However, in North America, particularly Canada, a significant amount of crude oil is transported via specially designed railcars. The internals of the railcars are typically coated with a high-quality coating system to prevent corrosion. Still, coating failures do occur due to the unique cyclic operating service conditions of the railcars. Thus, elevated temperatures are used to reduce fluid viscosity with a resultant increase in the vapor pressure while the loading of the oil in the railcars. Once loaded, the crude is transported under ambient temperature and pressure until the railcars reach their destination. During off-loading, elevated temperatures are again used for reducing the viscosity of the oil. After emptying the contents, the railcars are allowed to return to ambient conditions and sent back to the production area to repeat the loading, transportation, unloading cycle. Currently, there is no established test protocol to evaluate candidate coating systems for railcar internals under simulated operating conditions. Testing is usually done under a single set of operating conditions of loading or unloading and does not include the synergistic effect of the different temperature variations. This paper presents a detailed test protocol for evaluating candidate coating systems for railcar internals. The proposed test protocol was designed to simulate the expected service conditions of railcars using a modified NACE TM0185-2006 test procedure, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing”. The modification includes the cyclic service condition of railcars – fuel loading, loaded transportation, off-loading, dry heat and empty transportation.

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Association for Materials Protection and Performance