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Available for download

Aluminization of Ni-Base Superalloys by Slurry and Pack Cementation Processes

Product Number: 51319-13487-SG

Author: Kailey Hanan

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Aluminide coatings were produced by halide activated pack cementation (HAPC) and halide activated slurry cementation (HASC) on Ni-base superalloys (UNS N07208 UNS N06230 and UNS N07718). Both HAPC and HASC are in situ chemical vapor deposition processes activated by halide salts. The chemical reactions deposit the desired element (aluminum in this case) on the surface of metallic alloys. The coating element subsequently diffuses into the substrate to modify the surface of the underlying alloy. Under oxidizing conditions the surface modified alloy forms a passive oxide layer that protects it from high temperature corrosion. In this study the characteristics of coatings applied by the pack and slurry cementation processes i.e. thickness microhardness microstructure and elemental distribution were studied using a broad range of techniques - X-ray diffraction (XRD) macrophotography optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The HAPC and HASC processes resulted in different coating characteristics. The HAPC process produced more consistent coating microstructures and thicknesses while the coatings applied by the HASC process were more variable. The effectiveness of HAPC and HASC coatings in high temperature environments was studied using isothermal oxidation testing.

Reinforced Concrete Corrosion_eCourse

Product Number: RCC_eCourse

$325.00

In the early morning hours of June 24, 2021, the Champlain Towers Condominium partially collapsed resulting in the loss of 98 lives. The almost 40-year-old structure was built using reinforced concrete and exhibited signs of corrosion.

While the federal investigation continues, AMPP has created this eCourse, using this event as the backdrop and case study, to raise awareness of the significant threat reinforced concrete corrosion can cause.

This course provides a high-level overview of how to protect, inspect, and repair reinforced concrete structures. It does not, however, explain the reason for the collapse or provide any information not publicly available.

Users should spend approximately four hours to complete and earn four hours of Professional Development (PDHs). The course also includes:

- Learning Activities

- In-course Knowledge Checks

- Recommended readings

Purchase of this course includes a one-year subscription and is non-refundable. Students will have access to all course materials for a period of one year from the date of registration. All course work must be completed during this time period. Extensions or transfers cannot be granted.

Available for download

51318-10898- Comparison of AC Mitigation Grounding Materials Through Electrochemical Analysis

Product Number: 51318-10898-SG

Author: Shane Finneran, P.E. / Ken Evans / Justin Gossard

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

A comparative assessment of electrochemical properties of common AC mitigation materials, and assessment of common industry claims with respect to AC mitigation grounding. Provides the corrosion test data and technical information to support a decision for mitigation material selection.

Available for download

Epoxy Tank Linings Cure Response During Cold Winter Months; Ready for Immersion Service?

Product Number: 51218-126-SG

Author: John Kloepper , Tom Calzone

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Tank lining products are necessary for protection of infrastructure and commodities to ensure daily business operations continue smoothly. They are expected to protect the tank from corrosion and chemical attack while maintaining the purity of the tank’s contents; ultimately keeping people and the environment safe from an accidental discharge. Rigorous laboratory testing programs and field trials are conducted to instill confidence the right product is recommended for each task.

Available for download

Investigations On The Effect Of Cold Work And Proton Irradiation On The EAC Behavior Of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Product Number: ED22-18528-SG

Author: Matthias Herbst, Renate Kilian, Michael Grimm

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

All tests in this program have been performed under simulated PWR primary cooling water conditions. The oxide layer development and morphology is addressed in the literature and more intensively being investigated during the last ten years. The oxide layer that is typically observed under these conditions has a double layer structure. The outer layer is composed of large particles of Fe3O4 and the inner layer mainly consists of small particles of FeCr2O4, e.g.

Available for download

Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) as a Substitute for Metallurgically Clad Pipe

Product Number: MPWT19-15240

Author: Steven Goodier, Paul Montague

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Global demand for natural gas is growing concurrently with traditional reservoirs depleting. This is
resulting in Global and Middle Eastern hydrocarbon exploration and production increasingly moving
towards hydrocarbon developments in deeper water where higher Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Hydrogen
Sulphide (H2S) along with High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) environments are encountered.
This is driving an increased demand for Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) pipe and in particular clad
pipe. Clad pipe is the combination of carbon steel for strength combined with a thin (typically 3mm)
layer or CRA. Demand is increasing at a dramatic rate globally with the Middle Eastern market alone
expected to increase over 100% over the next 4 years from 2018 requirements [1]. Clad pipe is a
cheaper alternative than solid CRA and there is a number of alternate manufacturing methods. This
paper outlines the benefits of adopting Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) in comparison to conventional
Metallurgically Clad Pipe. A dramatic increase in utilisation of MLP over the coming years is anticipated,
balancing the currently dramatic CRA pipe supply/demand imbalance.

Available for download

Effective Relationships Between Applicators, Inspectors, Owners and coating Manufacturer Representatives

Product Number: 41205-192-SG

Author: Jonathan Palo

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

Successful relationships are dependent upon effective communication between all the parties involved in an industrial maintenance painting project. Owner expectations can only be met when the parties involved work together to meet basic project requirements.

Available for download

CorrCompilation: Advancements for Control of Inorganic Scale, Volume 3 (e-book)

Product Number: 37650-e

ISBN: 978-1-57590-393-4

Author: edited by Wayne W. Frenier, FNACE

$125.00

This CorrCompilation series focuses primarily on equilibrium-formed scales, where an aqueous fluid changes from an unsaturated equilibrium state to a saturated and supersaturated state and then solids may start to form. These types of fouling minerals include alkaline earth salts, silicates, alkaline salts (NaCl), sulfides, and under specific circumstances, metal sulfide salts that form through equilibrium changes. While corrosion product scales are not the subject of this book, the importance of corrosion product layers to the deposition of other scales will be described.

Since this is a CorrCompilation and more than 90 copies of NACE papers are included, the work is published in four volumes. The editor, Wayne W. Frenier, FNACE, provides an extensive introduction to each volume, offering the reader a thorough mix of history, theory, and engineering techniques and methods for addressing scale.

Volume 1: Introduction to Equipment Subject to Inorganic Scale

Volume 2: Current Mechanisms for Understanding Inorganic Scale Formation and Deposition

Volume 3: Chemistry and Application of Scale Inhibitors

Volume 4: Alternative Methods of Scale Control

This volume, “Chemistry and Application of Scale Inhibitors,” will describe current scale inhibitor (SI) chemicals and theories of their modes of action. These chemicals are used to inhibit (reduce) the detrimental effects of mineral scales on oil and gas as well as other industrial surfaces.

Available for download

RP0491-HD1996-SG Worksheet for the Selection of Oilfield Nonmetallic Seal Systems-HD1996

Product Number: 21051-HD1996

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1996

$179.00

Guidelines and a worksheet to be used in selecting nonmetallic seal materials for oilfield applications. Formalizes procedures for how chemical, thermal, and pressure conditions must be outlined. Historical Document 1996

Available for download

Numerical Simulation of Punching Shear Capacity of GFRP Bar Reinforced Concrete Slabs-on-Ground Designed for Shrinkage and Crack Width Control

Product Number: MECC23-20047-SG

Author: Muhammad K. Rahman; Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani; Mohammed Fasil; Sami Al-Abdul Jabbar

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Ground-supported structures such as slabs-on-ground, walkways, concrete pavements, storm-water channels, pipe supports, and industrial floors are exposed to harsh environmental conditions in the Middle East region, characterized by large temperature and humidity fluctuations. The highly varying temperature and humidity regimes accelerates moisture diffusion and the associated drying shrinkage in concrete slabs. The external restraint on these slabs by the subgrade and the internal restraint from the embedded reinforcement causes cracks on the surface of these slabs.

Available for download

Investigating the Application of the Effective Area Approach to Estimating Fatigue Life

Product Number: 51324-21053-SG

Author: Zach Booth; Ben Hanna; Steven J Polasik

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Fitness-for-service assessments of corrosion flaws in line pipe often use an Effective Area Method approach (e.g., RSTRENG) to estimate criticality. This method evaluates all contiguous combinations of flaw dimensions that can be defined via a detailed profile. The lowest burst pressure of those combinations is considered the estimated burst pressure of the flaw. This paper investigates the use of an effective area approach to estimate the remaining fatigue life of crack-like flaws described by a detailed profile. Using flaws reported from in-line inspection, the burst pressure and fatigue life of all combinations of flaw dimensions were estimated using the CorLAS™ fracture mechanics model. For some profiles, the effective area corresponding to the lowest burst pressure is not the same as the effective area corresponding to the lowest fatigue life. Therefore, additional analyses of flaws with detailed profiles may be warranted when developing remediation plans considering both fatigue life and burst pressure.

Available for download

Influence of Nano-particles on Water Intrusion of a Nanoparticle Enriched Zinc Rich Coating by EIS Analysis

Product Number: 51320-15147-SG

Author: Saiada Fuadi Fancy, Ahsan Sabbir, Kingsley Lau, Dale DeFord

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Zinc-Rich Primer (ZRP) based coating systems are widely used to protect steel infrastructure from aggressive exposure environments. These coating systems provide corrosion protection of the steel substrate by both barrier and sacrificial mechanism. Electrical continuity between the zinc pigments and steel substrate is the fundamental parameter in order to achieve galvanic protection and the use of high pigment volume concentration may not necessarily ensure effective electrical continuity. Moreover, high zinc content also degrades the bond of the coating matrix to the steel substrate. Carbon nanoparticles are being considered in the development of ZRP coating systems to overcome these limitations considering its physical, electrical and mechanical properties. In this effort, a nanoparticle enriched zinc-rich primer coating system (NPE-ZRP) was evaluated to identify the influence of nano-particles on moisture intrusion of the coating system. A traditional inorganic zinc-rich coating system
(ZRP) was also evaluated to compare the overall performance of the NPE-ZRP coating system. Pre-exposure to the different levels of humidity (5%, 75% & 100% RH) was incorporated to identify the coating robustness and the influence of nano-particles to mitigate corrosion. Environmental pre-exposure to humidity didn’t appear to have a detrimental effect on the coating durability. Both coatings allow moisture intrusion inside the system and EIS can be used as an effective tool to estimate the moisture content.

Available for download

Internal Visual Inspection of Field Girth Welds using Wireless Crawler Robot

Product Number: MPWT19-15001

Author: Ahmed F. Al-Rashidi, Turki F. Al-Shehri, Isa H. Al-Mudaibegh, Dr. Aziz U. Rehman

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

The integrity of new pipeline projects is critical to Saudi Aramco to avoid any short or long-term impact on the supply of energy. During construction activities, pipeline internal welding inspection is carried out in compliance with international and Saudi Aramco requirements. The visual inspection of internally cladded girth welded pipes requires extra care to avoid any improper field fabrication errors during welding, especially at the root pass area. Such errors can limit the inspection capability and compromise the integrity of pipeline network with possible degradation of corrosion resistance at/near the weld rot, resulting in premature failures. Currently, projects utilize conventional tools such as borescope which is time consuming with limited inspection capabilities (up to 150 meters inside the pipe) and system maneuverability at inspection locations.
The Saudi Aramco Inspection Department enhanced their active inspection technology program and collaborated with a local technology developer. They trialed a wireless crawler robot, which is a high resolution remotely operated robot capable of inspecting internal girth welds with 5000 meters travel capability inside the pipes. The robot can inspect internal girth welds in the field, and inside pipelines with internal diameters of 6 inches and above, and wirelessly transmits the visual inspection results to the outside control room for a timely assessment and critical decision making. The internal visual inspection with wireless crawler robot will help in improving the project progress, reducing repair costs, by identifying defective welds before coating application.

Available for download

RP0490-1990, Holiday Detection of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy External Pipeline Coatings of 10 to 30 Mils (0.25 to 0.76 mm)

Product Number: 53074-HD1990

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1990

$179.00

Accepted techniques in the use of holiday detector equipment currently used on fusion-bonded epoxy pipeline coatings prior to on-site installation of the pipeline. Historical Document 1990

Available for download

TM0186-HD1994-SG Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of 250 to 760 μm (10 to 30 mils) Dry-Film Thickness"-HD1994

Product Number: 21218-HD1994

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1994

$179.00

A nondestructive test method for the detection of holidays in a nonconductive coating film…applied to the inner wall…of oilfield tubular goods...apparatus…procedure…reporting. Historical document 1994

Available for download

The Complexities of SSC testing of SMSS From A Steelmaker’s Perspective

Product Number: 51319-12893-SG

Author: Kuangnan Chi

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Norsok M-650 qualification of 13Cr Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS) requires sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) testing. The present investigation evaluated three casts processed by hot rolling and heat treated to a specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 110ksi. Testing was conducted as per NACE TM0177 Method A by two testing laboratories under identical conditions.The influence of microstructural phases specimen preparations and control of test parameters are assessed in relation to SSC performance. Specifically this paper discusses the complexities of SSC testing from a steelmaker’s perspective.

Available for download

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking of Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing - A Field Failure

Product Number: 51323-19144-SG

Author: Sten B Axelsen, Perry I Nice, Lucrezia Scoppio, Giuseppe Mortali, Berit Sara Schiefloe, Andrea Bufalini

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A gas injection well completed mid-2019, started leaking after only approximately four months in service. The well was initially back flowed for a period of approximately two months before it was put on gas injection service. After another two months on gas injection, a tubing-to-annulus leakage was registered and the well had to be shut in to re-establish all barriers.

Available for download

RP0391-1991, Materials for the Handling and Storage of Concentrated (90% to 100%) Sulfuric Acid at Ambient Temperatures

Product Number: 53080-HD1991

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1991

$179.00

Information for the design and selection of materials used in the handling and storage of commercial concentrated sulfuric acid up to 120°F (50°C). Historical Document 1991

Available for download

AMPP SP21511-1-2024, Laser Ablation for Surface Preparation of Ferrous Metals, Pulsed Laser

Product Number: AMPP SP21511-1-2024

Publication Date: 2024

$109.00

This AMPP standard, designated AMPP SP21511-1, is intended to enable specifiers to develop project specification re- quirements and end users to achieve the required level of surface preparation or cleanliness using pulsed laser ablation (PLA). For the purpose of this standard, PLA employs pulsed, Q-switched laser technology.

PLA is a media-free, commercially available process that uses high-intensity directed energy in the form of a collimated, monochromatic, pulsed, focused, and scanned laser beam to remove coatings, oxides, contaminants, and hazardous materials (HAZMATs). This process is also referred to as laser ablation coating removal (LACR). PLA may be used to prepare coated or uncoated ferrous metal substrates before the application of a protective coating or lining, or it may be used in conjunction with other surface preparation methods. PLA offers environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) ben- efits as well as a level of precision that cannot be achieved with other surface preparation technologies. This standard is intended to be used by corrosion control professionals in civil infrastructure, defense, nuclear, petrochemical, auto- motive, aerospace, and other related industries. It is for use by coating specifiers, engineers, contractors, inspectors, and others who are responsible for defining a specific level of surface cleanliness or producing a post-laser treatment surface condition specified, using PLA technology.

PLA can remove 100% of existing coatings. However, it is most effective for applications requiring less than 95% of coating removal (by surface area of exposed substrate) when prescribed by appropriate Technical Authority guidance.

The primary functions of PLA cleaning applications are:

a) To remove material from the surface that can cause premature failure of the new coating system. Paragraph A1 of Appendix A (nonmandatory) provides additional information.

b) To enhance the adhesion of a new coating system.

c) To expose the surface profile of the substrate that is underneath the existing coating, rust, other corrosion products, or other contaminants and,

d) To reduce or remove nonvisible contamination that may be present on the substrate. Examples include thin films of oil and grease, and soluble ionic materials such as chlorides, ferrous salts, nitrates, and sulfates. PLA can reduce or completely remove water-soluble contaminants as well as fixed, non-smear- able low-level radiological contamination.

Available for download

Study of Minimal Surface Preparation for Various Patch Repair Coating Products Applied under the Minimum Allowable Temperatures

Product Number: 51324-21005-SG

Author: Shan (Sherry) Rao; Da Kuang; Connor McManus

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Patch repair coating products provide cost-effective solutions for restoring small to medium-sized damages in mainline coatings to extend the lifespan of pipelines. Some coating products are specially designed to tolerate reduced surface conditions while providing the adequate corrosion protection performance. Due to easy mobilization and relatively inexpensive, power tool cleaning is commonly used in the field to prepare surfaces for small area repairs. During field coating work, adverse weather conditions are often encountered. However, little data were publicly available to support if the minimal surface recommended by the product data sheet (PDS) is also suitable for the coating applied under the minimum allowable temperature. In addition, the effect of the similar surface level produced by different power tools on the corrosion resistance of the same coating is rarely reported. This paper aims to address these gaps. Four commercially available coating products were selected to examine their potentials as patch repairs, including one liquid-applied epoxy coating, one butyl-based sealant product, and two viscoelastic coating products. Test samples were prepared using a rust grade C steel pipe section. Different power tools such as wire brush, rotary sander, flap disc, and bristle blaster were used to create SSPC-SP3, SSPC-SP11, and SSPC-SP15 surfaces. All four products were applied and cured at the minimum allowable temperatures specified in their respective PDS or recommended by the manufacturers. A 14-day cathodic disbondment (CD) test was employed to rule out the improper surfaces or power tools, and the next higher surface level was then considered as potentially suitable. The long-term performance characteristics of these coating products on the established minimal surfaces under the minimum allowable application temperatures were evaluated using the selected critical tests from CSA Z245.30 standards.

Available for download

Design and Construction of a Test Apparatus for Simulating Impact and Wear Damage on Nonskid and Other Coatings

Product Number: 41206-254-SG

Author: Moavin Islam, Wayne McGaulley, Emer C. Flounders

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Nonskid coatings are typically used on the flight deck of aircraft carriers and high traffic areas of a ships’ deck. At this time, there are only a few approved materials available for use as nonskid coating for landing areas onboard US Navy vessels. Nonskid coating materials with improved performance, lower cost, and decreased maintenance are currently in development.

Available for download

TM0384-HD1994-SG Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of Less Than 250 μm (10 mils) Dry-Film Thickness-HD1994

Product Number: 21216-HD1994

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1994

$179.00

A nondestructive method for the detection of holidays in a nonconductive coating film...applied to the inner wall of oilfield tubular goods...apparatus...procedure…methods of reporting...Historical Document 1994

Available for download

TM0186-HD200-SG Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of 250 to 760 μm (10 to 30 mils) Dry-Film Thickness"-HD2002

Product Number: 21218-HD2002

ISBN: 1-57590-154-4

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 2002

$179.00

A nondestructive test method for the detection of holidays in a nonconductive coating film that has been applied to the inner wall (bore) of oilfield tubular goods...apparatus…procedure…reporting. Historical Document 2002

Available for download

Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide (Black Powder) within Pipelines or Processing Equipment (e-book)

Product Number: 37642-E

ISBN: 978-1-57590-383-5

Author: Daniel E. Powell, Robert H. Winters, Mark A. Mercer

Publication Date: 2019

$190.00

The “Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide (Black Powder) within Pipelines or Processing Equipment” offers practical guidance for corrosion control and operations personnel in managing black powder within their pipeline systems or processing equipment. It starts with a discussion of what is black powder and identifies health and safety considerations associated with H₂S and the presence of black powder, identifying why there may be a concern. The Field Guide presents field and laboratory tests typically used to identify the presence of iron sulfide, and then discusses maintenance pigging and/or chemical treatments for removing such particulates. Several case studies are also presented.

2019 NACE E-Book

Field Guide for Black Powder White Paper

Download the free white paper summary of this title to see specific areas of focus and discussion

Available for download

Protecting Steel Reinforcement by Coating Concrete with Thermal Spray Zinc

Product Number: 51324-20750-SG

Author: Bernardo Duran; Wade Campbell; Evan Stuart

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper, which serves to accompany a presentatiopn at the AMPP Annual Conference 2024, discusses the preperation and coating of coincrete with thermal spray zinc to protect the underlying steel reinforcement from corrosion on two bridges in regon. Descriptions cover the inspection, preperation, and repair of the concrete, and then follow up woth explanations on the application of the thermal zinc coating. Lastly, the presentation will summarize how the anode provided by the zinc coating protects the underlying steel reinforcement, and how it can be maintained and inspected over ites expected service life.

Available for download

Cathodic Protection (CP) System at Gas Wells Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Product Number: MPWT19-14286

Author: Mohammed M Alsaaq

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

A cathodic protection (CP) system reduces corrosion by minimizing the difference in potential between the anode and the cathode. This reduction can be achieved by applying a current to the structure to be protected from an electrical source. When enough current is applied, the whole structure will be at one potential, thus anode and cathode sites will not exist. CP is commonly used on many types of structures, such as pipelines and underground storage tanks.
The paper is about an effort to improve Southern Area Gas Producing Facilities’ (SAGPF’s) CP system in compliance with all related Saudi Aramco standards, procedures, and GIs, and provides in depth analysis and recommendations to mitigate CP system challenges, and to make CP system reliable. In addition, the study aims to identify key tasks to minimize the effect of component failures and to increase the reliability of SAGPF remote monitoring units, to get accurate data. The onsite CP system survey was performed from April 26 to September 30, 2018, for all SAGPF. This paper is focused on the major challenges, such as equipment failures, operational deficiencies, and technical recommendations to make the CP system efficient and reliable.

Available for download

Bio Fuel Feedstock and Finish products – Linings Case Study

Product Number: 51323-18898-SG

Author: Ravi Nagarajan, Steve Liebhart, Pedro Escudero, Shahab Soltaninia

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

There is a sizable push for making more sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuels. One such example is the recent emphasis on manufacturing biofuels in the form of biodiesel or bio-oil. While ethanol is also considered a biofuel and likely the most widely used it will not be a focus of this discussion.

Available for download

Expanding Industry Access to Molecular Microbiological Methods: Development of an Off-the-Shelf Laboratory Workflow for qPCR and NGS Analysis

Product Number: 51319-13033-SG

Author: Neil Sharma

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Multiple families of microorganisms have been implicated in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) within the oil and gas industry as well as in other fields resulting in billions of dollars in damage annually. The ability to detect these organisms in a timely and accurate manner can allow for the implementation of appropriate treatment regimens that mitigate costs and minimize downtime.Molecular Microbiological Methods (MMMs) such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can provide unparalleled insight into microbial communities for diagnosing and managing MIC. However the routine application of MMMs by industry is still limited today due to high testing costs and access to only a relatively small number of commercial or internal company laboratories with MMM testing capabilities.Our recent work has focused on building a complete off-the-shelf laboratory workflow for conducting qPCR and NGS-based 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis. This workflow includes: (1) easy-to-use kits for sample collection field sample preservation and nucleic acid extraction (2) a pre-optimized panel of qPCR assays targeting important MIC-related microorganisms such as Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes (SRPs) and (3) access to a secure online portal for automated processing and analysis of NGS data. The availability of this workflow will allow virtually any testing laboratory with moderately skilled personnel to quickly and confidently begin conducting MMM-based analyses. We report results encompassing the development and initial validation of this workflow using samples collected from oil and gas and wastewater facilities. This new workflow will significantly reduce testing costs help to standardize testing across laboratories and provide significantly greater industry access to these powerful analysis technologies.

Available for download

Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Novolac Internal Tank Coatings - a Realistic Assessment Using Laboratory Testing

Product Number: 51324-20588-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; A. Al Hashem; Hasan Sabri

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Novolac coating systems are widely used for internal applications in tanks and pressure vessels due to their excellent corrosion resistance under aggressive conditions, their availability, and ease of application. Typically, these coatings require a curing time before putting the coating into service is typically around 7-8 days at (at 20-25o C). During the vessel shutdown, the production schedule sometimes demands compromising the curing process of the lining. This puts a time constraint on the end-user in terms of coating project duration. In response to this challenge, a major oil producing company was interested in finding out if shorter curing times would be suitable to reduce the downtime. The main objective of this study was to conduct a detailed laboratory investigation on the effect of different curing times on the coating performance of four Novolac systems selected from three different manufacturers. The assessment of coating curing involved a series of tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analyses, shore-D Hardness, X-cut adhesion, and pull-off adhesion tests. Additionally, standard laboratory coating performance tests were carried out, consisting of water immersion, cathodic disbondment, autoclave in multi-phase environments at elevated pressure and temperature, as well as atlas cell (cold-wall effect) tests. The investigation results demonstrated that even though the coatings were not fully cured, all four coating systems showed acceptable laboratory performance, after just 1 day of curing. This implies that these coatings may be put into service much earlier than the specified curing period of manufacturer which would significantly reduce the project downtime during maintenance. Subsequent field test results (not reported here) confirmed the laboratory findings.

Available for download

Field Trial Findings of a Novel Sulfidogenesis Inhibitory Compound

Product Number: 51319-13168-SG

Author: Alicia Jones

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Due to its contribution to microbiologically influenced corrosion and potential HS&E consequences hydrogen sulfide (H2S) presents many challenges to oil and gas production operations. Microbiologically generated H2S is often more difficult to address because it is not present at the onset of production but becomes a problem over the course of the lifetime of a well/asset. Many different types of microbes are responsible for H2S production and reservoir souring. These microbes are capable of reducing not only sulfate but most available sulfur compounds that are present in the reservoir. A new class of compounds was recently identified and characterized in the lab as effective inhibitors or microbial sulfidogenesis. In this work we present results from a field trial conducted using one of these chemistries. The trial showed that this novel inhibitor retained activity under downhole conditions and resulted in significant reductions in the H2S produced within the reservoir as well as the levels found at the central gathering facility. These findings further support the potential of these compounds as solutions to reservoir souring and highlight the need for additional field applications.

Available for download

TM0297-HD1997-SG Effects of High-Temperature, High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Decompression on Elastomeric Materials-HD1997

Product Number: 21229-HD1997

ISBN: 1-57590-043-2

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1997

$179.00

Procedures to measure the effect on elastomeric materials subjected to rapid depressurization from elevated pressures and temperatures of 50°C (122°F) or greater in dry CO2 environments…Historical Document 1997

Available for download

06583 Practical Field Applications and Guidelines for Using Overhead Simulation Models

Product Number: 51300-06583-SG

ISBN: 06583 2006 CP

Author: S.A. Lordo

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Key guidelines and limitations of an overhead simulation-modeling program. Discussed are: data quality, sampling techniques, and interpretation of results wrt field experience. Examples of simulation-model use in two actual field applications.

Available for download

Electrodeposition of Aluminum on a Stainless Steel Substrate from Ionic Liquids

Product Number: 51319-13591-SG

Author: Steven Kopitzke

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Galvanic corrosion is a serious issue that affects all aircraft platforms within the Naval Aviation Enterprise. Due to tolerance constraints or other design limitations deposition of a metal film as a sacrificial coating is utilized as a method of protection. One such process is the deposition of aluminum onto high strength steel substrates via the ion vapor deposition (IVD) process. While this process is effective in mitigating corrosion the facilities required to perform this task are highly specialized and the deposition process is line-of-sight only. To address these shortfalls we have developed a method allowing for the electrodeposition of aluminum onto stainless steel using ionic liquid chemistries. This increases the ease with which the system could be installed on-site while increasing the rate at which components could be repaired. To achieve this concept an alternative type of plating bath chemistry was adopted focusing on utilizing ionic liquids to provide the necessary chemical and electrochemical features necessary for aluminum deposition. This chemistry coupled with an optimized pulse plating process had led to a system which can successfully deposit high quality pure aluminum onto A286 stainless steel providing protection against galvanically-driven corrosion.

Available for download

The Marine Coatings User’s Handbook

Product Number: 37596-pdf

ISBN: 978-1-57590-446-7

Author: Louis D. Vincent, Ph.D.

Publication Date: 2012

$128.00

For personnel involved in new-build and maintenance painting of ships. From shipyards to drydocks and coating repairs by ship’s crews while under-way. Comparisons of coatings. Speicial requirements. Inspection. Equipment.

Available for download

Development and Field Application of a New Bacteria Monitoring Technique

Product Number: 51319-13158-SG

Author: Alyn Jenkins

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Accurate bacteria population monitoring is important in oil and gas fields to mitigate microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) prevent reservoir souring and optimize biocide treatment strategies. Serum serial dilution testing (SSDT) is a flawed yet widely accepted traditional method for bacteria testing in the oil and gas industry. The serum bottle test is cumbersome to perform correctly in the best of conditions and impractical to use in most if not all oil and gas field applications. The SSDT culture method returns an indirect estimate of bacteria populations that are often misleading and inaccurate due to basic assumption of the test and users attempts to stream line the method.It is important for operators to understand the drawbacks of the SSDT method and be aware that alternative accurate field ready techniques for bacteria population measurements are available. This paper reports the work performed to a develop a new method to detect bacteria in oil and gas fields that is used to select test and apply fit for purpose bacteria control chemicals.The new methodology has many advantages over other commonly used methods such as the SSDT and ATP tests. The new technique provides a rapid bacteria measurement that can be performed wholly at the well site with real time results. The method gives highly accurate data simple to use and is compatible with oilfield production chemicals fluid chemistries and system microbiology. The approach uses a bacteria metabolism based assay technique that utilizes fluorescence spectroscopy to obtain a fluorescence value that is proportional to the total number of living bacteria present in a sample. However the new method is unique in that the user converts the fluorescence value into meaningful data such as colony forming units per mL or even number of equivalent bug bottle turns. The conversion is based on the results of thousands of experiments comparing the fluorescence value with accurate laboratory bacteria measurements (e.g. plate counts and nucleic acid base testing) performed on field waters from a wide variety of sources.The new technique has been used in many oilfields throughout the world and several case histories are presented where the technique has been used to successfully optimize biocide treatments. This new approach to bacteria monitoring is unique and allows immediate real-time post treatment testing to ensure biocide applications are effective.

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A Review of the Development of 13-17% Cr Stainless Steel Filler Metals and Filler Metal Selection for Restoring 13% Cr Stainless Steel Cladding

Product Number: 51319-12754-SG

Author: Mikihiro Sakata

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Materials clad with 13% Cr stainless steel have been widely used in refining where high temperature sulfidation is a concern. When such materials are applied in columns vessels and heat exchangers restoration of the cladding using welded overlay on carbon or low alloy steel base metals is required during original fabrication or for welding repairs made during service. The first part of this paper describes a comprehensive review of the development in Japan since the 1970's of the use of 13% Cr stainless steel filler metal for restoring cladding. That review focuses mainly on the optimization of chemical compositions of the filler metal to avoid martensite formation and consequent cold cracking in the welds. Several cases are presented where 13% Cr stainless steel filler metal was applied to hydroprocessing reactors fractionators and coke drums made of 13% Cr stainless steel clad carbon or low alloy steels. The last half of this paper introduces three possible choices for the filler metal: Ni-based alloy Type 309 stainless steel and 13% Cr stainless steel. The pros and cons of each are discussed from the viewpoints of fabrication and corrosion resistance considering the service environment.

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Case Histories of Permian Area Scale Treatment Challenges and Chemical Program Optimization Strategies

Product Number: 51324-20857-SG

Author: Haiping Lu; Wei Wei; Chao Yan; Roy Young; David Nix

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

During production in the Permian Area, one of the most impactful operational issues is scale formation and deposition, which can be related to CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, FeS, etc. Scale can occur anywhere from downhole reservoirs and wellbores to topside facilities. Based on different scale formation species, operation conditions, and system requirements, scale treatment strategies will vary and can include the following aspects: • For downhole conditions, either continuous injection or squeeze application can be applied. Squeeze treatments can effectively prevent carbonate and sulfate scales for typically at least 6 to 12 months and help to reduce the amount of solid deposition downhole and in surface facilities. • For surface facilities, continuous injection is usually applied. Scale inhibitors should be compatible with high TDS & high calcium waters to avoid pseudo scale formation, causing increased usage of inhibitors and even blockage of the system. • Iron sulfide (FeS) scale can be controlled by chelators, i.e., Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), though typically should be combined with corrosion control and even H2S scavenging treatment to reduce FeS solid deposition. This paper presents case histories from the Permian Area, including general scale issues, FeS deposition cases, and guidance for selecting suitable treatment programs to provide insights on future scale treatments in similar operations.

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51317--9720-Remote Monitoring of the Mechanical Integrity of Oil Sands Facility High Wear Components

Product Number: 51317--9720-SG

ISBN: 9720 2017 CP

Author: Rob Leary

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper discusses the implementation of an on-line remote ultrasonic (UT) system at a SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) facility located within the Athabasca oil sands reserves in Northern Alberta.

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The Design and Operation of a Multi-System Approach for Cathodic Protection Systems of Inter-Bonded Complex Plants

Product Number: 51323-19264-SG

Author: Dr Kevin Kendell

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The use of a multi-system approach to cathodic protection is primarily driven by the increasing complexity of the types of structures, which are part of the common cathode in modern plants.

Traditionally cathodic protection systems and their designs were based on single cathode structures like cross country pipelines or individual tanks. As the technology matured CP was applied to a wider range of structures but usually the design philosophies adopted remained unchanged.

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Biocide Compatibility with Oxygen Scavenger: A Case Study from Oil Field

Product Number: 51323-19112-SG

Author: Abdul Wahab Al-Ahmad, Adel Jubar Al-Mutairi, Fatma Jassim Behbehani, Ali Mohammed Akrouf, Ashok Mathew

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Kuwait is among the ten top oil producing countries in the world. The state run Kuwait Oil Company produces crude oil through more than 5000 wells spread across the company’s South-East, North and West Kuwait asset areas. The crude oil produced along with saline water and gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide & hydrocarbon gas) is received at manifold headers at Gathering Centers (GC).

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51318-11243-Applicability of ASTM G28 testing

Product Number: 51318-11243-SG

Author: Briony Holmes

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

There appears to be a need for long-term service data for wrought and welded materials with grain boundary precipitation, which can then be compared with ASTM G28 or ASTM A262 data to provide confidence in utilizing such materials.

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Metallurgical Analysis of 30-Inch Pipe Containing an Internal Crack

Product Number: 51324-20700-SG

Author: Sudhakar Mahajanam; Chris Miller; Scott Harding; Sean Moran

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Pipeline defects are routinely found in the oil and gas industry. Most often they are minor, and do not affect the integrity and safety of the pipeline. However, in some cases, identifying and repairing critical defects is mandated to ensure long term integrity, which also entails choosing an appropriate repair technique. In this case study, we present a metallurgical examination of a 1949-vintage Grade X52 pipe containing an internal crack that was first identified at a client site. Laboratory examination confirmed that the feature was a pre-existing imperfection or defect, which had been weld repaired around the time of manufacturing or installation. Grinding marks and a distinct weld zone with three welding passes were observed in the region surrounding the crack. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography of the crack surface indicated the presence of columnar grains close to the inside surface that are typical of a carbon steel weld. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that the corrosion products consisted of iron

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Chemical & Enhanced Preservation Methodologies Endeavors To Maintain The Integrity Of Joint Operation (JO) Surface Facilities

Product Number: 51322-18106-SG

Author: A/Rahman Al-Ghamdi, Tariq Kamshad, Mohamed M. Farah, Hamad Al-Ajmi, Bakheet Al-Yami, Hossam Mesbah

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).

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04022 Experiences on Thermal Spray Aluminum (TSA) Coating for Offshore Structures

Product Number: 51300-04022-SG

ISBN: 04022 2004 CP

Author: Desmond K.K. Tiong, Shell International; Halimah Pit, Sarawak Shell Berhad

Publication Date: 2004

$20.00

Since 1982, there has been a move to Thermal Sprayed Aluminum (TSA) coating in the “splash zone” of offshore structures. Our experience indicates that an experience applicator, good surface preparation and quality of wire combined to achieve required thickness and apply the sealer to seal the entire surface.

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A Novel Method for the Enhanced Kill of Sulfate Reducing Microorganisms

Product Number: 51320-14412-SG

Author: Gary E. Jenneman

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Hydrogen sulfide gas produced by sulfate reducing microorganisms (SRM) creates significant challenges in the petroleum industry including corrosion concerns, product devaluation, and significant health risks. Biocides and inhibitors are often employed to control these detrimental activities. Recently, co-injection of a synergistic blend of biocides and the SRM inhibitor, nitrite, was proposed as an effective means to control biogenic sulfide production, however, the method only addressed inhibition of SRM activity and not kill. Inhibition can have the undesirable consequence of allowing SRM to resume full activity once the inhibitor is depleted, thus requiring the continuous input of expensive chemicals to maintain control. On the other hand, biocides are designed to reduce SRM concentrations thus reducing the need to add additional chemical until the SRM population re-establishes. Lab results, using an SRM field enrichment, demonstrated that the sequential injection of nitrite inhibitor followed by glutaraldehyde led to an 8-log reduction in SRM while only a 2-log reduction when co-injecting these chemicals at equivalent concentrations. It is proposed that pretreatment with the inhibitor, nitrite, or other respiratory inhibitor, results in a reduction in cellular ATP of the SRM creating a sublethal stress response allowing for their enhanced kill upon subsequent biocide addition.

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The Impact: Traveling Faster Than the Speed of Sound, Protective Coatings at Work

Product Number: 41216-997-SG

Author: Dudley J Primeaux II, Todd Gomez

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

When protective coatings are considered for application work, normal uses such as concrete coating, waterproofing, abrasion protection; steel corrosion protection; and other protective applications are the norm. However, there is a whole world of other uses for protective coatings including personal protection applications. The reality is that coating systems are being used for a variety of government, military, police and personal protection applications with excellent results.

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Improved Models for Life Assessment Inspections and Repair-Replace Decisions For HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK (HTHA)

Product Number: 51319-13473-SG

Author: Raul Gonzalez

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK (HTHA) of steels is an extremely interesting topic in petrochemical industrial applications while a predictive physical model still does not exist. A number of studies carried out in the world are unambiguous confirmation of that statement. Bearing in mind multiple effects of hydrogen in certain metals the specific mechanism of high-temperature hydrogen attack embrittlement is manifested depending on the experimental conditions.The susceptibility of ASTM 204 Gr A steel to hydrogen-assisted cracking of refinery reactor retired was evaluated by mechanical fracture mechanics specimens. The material of zone with indication and zone without indications of the reactor was evaluated. Were loaded in tension and impact mechanical test to evaluate the probability of occurrence of the hydrogen-assisted cracking phenomenon. Fractography NDT and SEM-EDX analysis carried out on the fracture surfaces of the ruptured beams revealed was no evidence of the mechanisms of the crack propagation. Under both conditions the failure was cavity coalescence accommodated with plastic deformation. The results didn´t show the influence of hydrogen-induced embrittlement on the initiation of the fracture and the plasticity of the crack tip during the propagation of the crack where the latter becomes localized and uniform over the fracture surface. From the observations a three-stage crack propagation and lamination process and are proposed. Also the fracture toughness of the samples was evaluated by linear elastic fracture mechanics and the validity of the results are discussed. This result was very important to the refinery to develop plan inspections and make sound operations decisions based on the best available techniques.Keywords: Carbon steel corrosion HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK (HTHA)

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NACE WJ-1/SSPC-SP WJ-1-2012-SG (Chinese), “Waterjet Cleaning of Metals—Clean to Bare Substrate (WJ-1)” Chinese Translation

Product Number: 21191-SG

ISBN: 1-57590-248-6

$179.00

Defines the Clean to Bare Substrate (WJ-1) degree of surface cleanliness of coated or uncoated metallic substrates achieved by the use of waterjet cleaning. Other degrees listed in overview below.

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