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MR0175-1993, Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment

Product Number: 53024-HD1993

ISBN: MR0175-93

Author: NACE

Publication Date: 1993

$179.00

Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flowline equipment, and field processing facilities to be used in H2S-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 1993

Available for download

Optimization of FGD Operating Conditions by Electrochemical Laboratory Testing Applied to Alloy UNS S32205

Product Number: 51320-15069-SG

Author: Daniel Betancourt, Steven Kung, Craig Birkenfeld, Jie Wen

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are frequently used at power plants to remove SO2 from coal combustion. In systems where limestone is utilized, calcium sulfate from the resulting slurry can be concentrated into a valuable byproduct. However, the concentrated slurry containing chloride poses increased localized corrosion risk to the materials of construction in contact with exhaust/combustion stream. Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP) and Critical Crevice Temperature (CCT) present electrochemical methodologies which can be used to assess the relative risk of different conditions in the laboratory. However, the results of these techniques can be dependent on the details of the experimental protocol. In this study, the effect of slurry preparation, potential scan rate, alloy conditioning time, and slurry acidity were examined. A conservative test protocol was developed based on the outcomes of the effects considered, and the critical chloride concentration of Alloy UNS S32205 was determined, enabling optimization of FGD operating conditions.

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Alloy 35Mo A New versatile PRE 52 Alloy

Product Number: 51319-12901-SG

Author: Ulf Kivisakk

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Alloy 35Mo is a new structural stable high PRE austenitic alloy with the composition: 27 Cr - 35 Ni - 65 Mo - 028 N. The alloy is successfully welded with Alloy 59 as filler. The grade is a combination of Ni-base and high PRE super austenitic grade which results in interesting properties for the alloy. It has a high PRE value of 52 which results in a CPT >95°C in ASTM G150 with 3 M MgCl2. The CPT is considerable higher than for conventional 6 Mo alloys that has a CPT about 65°C and also higher than most Ni-base alloys. A consequence of the high nitrogen content in Alloy 35Mo is a good ductility and a high yield strength of more than 400 MPa in solution annealed condition. This is higher than conventional 6 Mo alloys. Alloy 35Mo is versatile alloy for applications in for instance oil & gas chemical and petrochemical industry which is demonstrated by corrosion testing.

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High Temperature Nitridation Resistance of Several Modern High Temperature Ni- and Co-Based Alloys

Product Number: 51323-19011-SG

Author: Bingtao Li, Lee M. Pike

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Nitrogen or nitrogen-containing gases are widely used or present in industry. Some industry processes utilize nitrogen gas or nitrogen-rich atmosphere to produce specific products at high temperatures, such as use of nitrogen gas (N2) to protect components from oxidation in heat treating or sintering operations and the use of ammonia (NH3) for nitriding purpose during alloy heat-treatment. In the chemical processing industry, ammonia is produced from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen with a catalyst under high temperature and pressure conditions. With the presence of nitrogen in these processes, nitrogen molecules can react with alloying elements to form nitrides. In other applications, nitrogen also exists in many combustion processes that use air in the fuel mixture.

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Finite Element Simulation of GFRP Reinforced Concrete Slab Exposed to Fire

Product Number: MECC23-20050-SG

Author: Muhammad K. Rahman; Saheed K. Adekunle; Madyan A. Al-Shugaa; Hassan Alkhalifah; Yousif A. Smoudi; Mohammed Fasil

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The non-metallic glass fiber reinforced GFRP bars has gained worldwide acceptance recently and are now being used in several applications in reinforced concrete structures such as sea wall, bridges, foundation, marine structure, pavements, barriers, and piles (1–3). The major impetus for its usage in Saudi Arabia emerged from the strategic decision by Saudi Aramco to make it mandatory for several non-structural applications such as slab-on-grade, stormwater channels, bulkheads, and pipe supports. The motivation was to combat the high cost of repair, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of deteriorated steel-reinforced concrete structures in a short span of time (4).

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51316-7174-Utilizing Nickel Alloy metal coating as an alternative to PWHT

Product Number: 51316-7174-SG

ISBN: 7174 2016 CP

Author: Abdullah Al-Ali

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Metal or thermal spraying is a technology which protects and extends the life of a variety of equipment in hostile environments. This paper presents an experience in utilizing Thermal Spray Coating Technology on top of weld build-up of CS Pressure Vessel eroded shell.

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05307 Comparison of the Effects of Air, Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide on Corrosion of a Low Carbon Steel under Water and Its Inhibition by a Quaternary Ammonium Salt

Product Number: 51300-05307-SG

ISBN: 05307 2005 CP

Author: Jake T. Hicks, P.D.I. Fletcher, and B.P. Binks, University of Hull; William Durnie and David Horsup,

$20.00

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Above Ground Storage Tanks – Case Study of a Linear Anode Based Cathodic Protection System Design and Installation Aspects

Product Number: 51319-12827-SG

Author: Shailesh Javia

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

External corrosion of tank bottoms is a significant problem for tank owners for both economic and environmental reasons. Corrosion Protection of Above Ground Storage Tanks is typically provided by a impressed current cathodic protection (CP) with or without coatings. Two primary Impressed current CP configurations are used worldwide in tanks. The field-erected mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode grid configuration was an early application of MMO anodes for tank bottoms and has a large global installed base. A newer design to protect tank bottoms is a system of parallel or concentric ring MMO linear anodes with factory connected tail cables.This paper will review the design of “grid” type and “parallel/concentric” linear anode type tank CP designs provide an economic assessment assign a qualitative risk assessment matrix and discuss the implementation impact based on a large grass root tank farm project in Africa. Where the owner/engineers elected to use linear anodes.

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ANSI/NACE MR0175-HD2001-SG Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment-HD2001

Product Number: 21304-HD2001

ISBN: 1-57590-021-1

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 2001

$179.00

Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering/flowline equipment and field processing facilities to be used in H2S-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 2001

Available for download

Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys and Optimization

Product Number: 51324-20719-SG

Author: Stephen McCoy; Brian A. Baker; William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The material trend in the Oil & Gas sector is for high strength materials with high levels of corrosion resistance to resist increasingly harsh sour downhole environments. Compared to sweet wells the presence of hydrogen sulphide, elemental sulphur and hydrogen generally requires material selection of tubular and bar products in high performance stainless steels and nickel base alloys to withstand the pressures and temperatures. The materials of choice must be corrosion resistant, cost effective, reliable and have the strength required for the well design conditions. The material selection for downhole and well head equipment such as hangers, sub-surface safety valves, pumps and packers require age-hardenable materials to obtain the strength in heavier cross sections which cannot be strengthened by cold work. The commonly used nickel alloys for the sour service applications are alloy UNS N09925 (925), alloy UNS N07718 (718) and alloy UNS N07725 (725) with the more recently developed alloy UNS N09945 (945) and alloy UNS N09946 (945X) designed for HP/HT and sour wells. The metallurgical stability and freedom from detrimental phases of these materials being increasingly important to optimise the mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, particularly as larger section thicknesses of higher strength materials. The effect of the microstructure of these materials is shown to have a significant effect on the resistance to hydrogen attack and corrosion in sour environments. Optimising the compositional control, thermomechanical processing and microstructure is shown to give significant improvements in resistance to sour corrosion and hydrogen stress cracking resistance of materials used for critical downhole components. Over recent years there has been increasing industry demand to improve quality control and categorise the various PH Nickel alloy grades resistance to Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC) for critical High Pressure-High Temperature environments. HSC is a complex corrosion mechanism with many factors including composition, strength, microstructure, and grain boundary cleanliness influencing susceptibility. Evaluation efforts have used multiple techniques to measure the effects of HSC resistance, with this paper focusing on the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method according to TM0198 Method C(1) and using the quality control standard API*6ACRA(2). The purpose of the paper is to present results using the TM0198:C slow strain rate test method in a hydrogen charging environment and show the HSC resistance of the grades 925, 718, 945, 945X, and 725. This paper shows how the composition can be controlled within the defined limits of the alloy grade to optimise the HSC resistance by reducing precipitation of deleterious phases and reduce mill heat batch variation. The SSRT results are compared with mechanical properties determined according to API6ACRA(2) and detailed microstructural analysis.

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Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys Under Cathodic Polarization Environments

Product Number: 51319-12849-SG

Author: Elizabeth Trillo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

There is a significant use of Nickel based alloys in the oil and gas industry for high strength / high corrosion resistance applications yet there has been a lack of understanding of fracture toughness of these Ni alloys under seawater / Cathodic Protection (CP) environments. Furthermore this class of alloys has demonstrated a weakness following high profile failures where the failing mechanism identified was Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). This study examines several Precipitation Hardened (PH) Nickel alloys by the J-R Curve method (ASTM E1820) using side-grooved single edged notched bend (SENB) fatigue pre-cracked test samples in a simulated seawater environment under CP. The Ni alloys evaluated a good representation of those associated with the in-service failures reported in the past were UNS N07718 UNS N07716 and UNS N07725 together with other alloys more recently developed such as UNS N09945 and UNS N09955.The materials were tested in a 3.5%NaCl solution with applied potentials of -1.1V and -1.4V vs SCE at room temperature at a loading rate of 0.005 Nmm-3/2. The overall response of the alloys in laboratory air was elastic-plastic in nature while the behavior in environment shifted towards a linear-elastic response most likely associated with the embrittlement caused by the hydrogen adsorbed during CP. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to obtain insights on the fracture morphologies. Amongst the alloys tested UNS N07718 showed the least reduction in fracture toughness in the environment in relation to air while alloy UNS N07716 showed the most susceptibility to the environment with the lowest performance.Key words: Ni Alloys Fracture Toughness J-R Curve Method CP environment seawater.

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From JIP to Digital Business - CUI Risk Manager

Product Number: 51319-12965-SG

Author: Amela Keserovic

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) is a major challenge for different process industries. Today it is managed in many ways ranging from a full removal of insulation to a minimal maintenance including some inspection methods with insufficient non-destructive testing. These extremes exhibit a lack of understanding and a lack of systematic approach in managing the CUI risk globally.A joint industry project on CUI has developed a methodology that would help identify assess and mitigate the CUI risk in a systematic manner. Living in the age of digital transformation the resulting recommended practice is being digitalized into a web application that will offer its users an industry-recognized best practice in managing the CUI risk of their assets. The end-users will have the possibility to share their knowledge and learn from other users’ experiences through an established Globally Shared Database (GSD). Such synergy across the industries will enable a continuous methodology improvement and future development of the machine learning within the Application. Furthermore a separately developed feature will use digital twins of the users’ assets linked with assets’ integrity data and other relevant data providing more efficient communication and work processes. The ultimate goal of the Application is to ensure safe and reliable operations and thus improve the safety of life property and environment.Keywords: corrosion under insulation risk joint industry project web application globally shared database digital twin machine learning

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Novel Internal Coating System for High Concentration H2S Environments

Product Number: MECC23-19951-SG

Author: Robert S. Lauer

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

During the 72-year history of using high performance coating systems for pipe internal corrosion control, there has been a slow introduction of different resin chemistries that serve as the backbone of these coating systems. While phenolic resins systems were the primary starting point, it transitioned to include epoxies, novolacs, nylons, urethanes and others. As needs outside corrosion control like deposit mitigation and wear resistance arose, coatings based on other specialty resin chemistries, like from the fluoropolymer family, were developed.

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ANSI/NACE MR0175-HD1997-SG Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment 1998

Product Number: 21302-HD1997

ISBN: 1-57590-021-1

Author: NACE

Publication Date: 1997

$179.00

Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flowline equipment in H2S-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 1997

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Finish Standards For Intumescent Cellulosic Fire Protection

Product Number: 51322-18100-SG

Author: Max Tritremmel

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

When choosing a Fire-Protection material to meet building code requirements to insulate steel for a prescribed period to facilitate safe evacuations and emergency response from commercial buildings in the event of a fire, there are many factors that influence the selection of an Intumescent Fire Resistive Material (IFRM) over a Spray Applied Fire Resistive Material (SFRM). It could be a concern of the weight of the system; Portland Cement based SFRM’s are typically much heavier and bulkier than IFRM’s. Another factor could be durability, based on either corrosion resistance or the ability to withstand considerable physical or environmental damage.

Available for download

SP0491-2012-SG Worksheet for the Selection of Oilfield Nonmetallic Seal Systems

Product Number: 21051-SG

ISBN: 1-57590-169-2

Publication Date: 2012

$109.00

Guidelines and a worksheet to be used in selecting nonmetallic seal materials for oilfield applications. Formalizes procedures for how chemical, thermal, and pressure conditions must be outlined.

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Evaluation of Coating Performance on Automotive Substrates

Product Number: 51319-13396-SG

Author: Mary Lyn Lim

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The corrosion protection requirements of coatings varies across the wide range of markets. Within each application a plethora of test methods exist which may or may not be catered towards a specific substrate. In this presentation the behavior of coated automotive substrates will be evaluated using various test methods. A combination of physical and electrochemical characterization methods will be utilized towards understanding the impact of coating properties on performance with respect to the test environments.

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RP0491-1991, Worksheet for the Selection of Oifield Nonmetallic Seal Systems

Product Number: 53081-HD1991

ISBN: 1-5790-169-2

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1991

$179.00

Guidelines and a worksheet to be used in selecting nonmetallic seal materials for oilfield applications. Formalizes procedures for how chemical, thermal, and pressure conditions must be outlined. Historical Document 1991

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TM0275-HD1995-SG-Performance Testing of Steel and Reinforced Plastic Sucker Rods by the Mixed String, Alternate-Rod Method-HD1995

Product Number: 21210-HD1995

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1995

$179.00

Procedure for testing sucker rods in field service to compare the performance of different types and grades of sucker rods…same environment…same dynamic conditions. Historical Document 1995

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Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide within Pipelines or Processing Equipment

Product Number: 37642-pdf

ISBN: 978-1-57590-461-0

Author: Daniel E. Powell, Robert H. Winters, Mark A. Mercer

$190.00

The Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide (Black Powder) within Pipelines or Processing Equipment offers practical guidance for corrosion control and operations personnel in managing black powder within their pipeline systems or processing equipment.

This book was written for new corrosion control professionals and operations personnel, who are based at production facilities. It provides straightforward, practical guidance regarding what is “black powder,” and why it may be a concern, field tests to be conducted, follow-up laboratory test that could be ordered, and an approach for using maintenance pigging, coupled with chemical treatments, to remove accumulations of “black powder.”

It begins with a discussion of what is black powder and identifies health and safety considerations associated with H₂S and the presence of black powder, identifying why there may be a concern.

The Field Guide presents field and laboratory tests typically used to identify the presence of iron sulfide, and then discusses maintenance pigging and/or chemical treatments for removing such particulates. Several case studies are also presented.

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Computational Methods for Estimating Pipeline High Voltage Induction Susceptibility

Product Number: 51324-20738-SG

Author: Thomas Hayden; Christian Akuchie; Joseph Mazzella

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Estimating inductive corrosion susceptibility to pipeline systems from high-voltage transmission equipment is a well-studied problem. The mathematics for computing induced current is well known, dating back to fundamental 19th-century electromagnetism research. Yet, estimating induced current using those calculus-based equations is rarely done due to computational and data requirements. As such, most high-voltage induction risk studies use a series of approximations. The need for improved susceptibility estimation has expanded in the last two years alone. Due to economic and environmental concerns, governments and private organizations have begun re-investing resources in national electrical transmission networks. Furthermore, improved load-balancing techniques, new construction, environmental concerns, and dynamic line rating regulation have instantiated a more volatile problem for risk assessment. Computational technology is catching up, and there are powerful three-dimensional deterministic techniques for estimating corrosion susceptibility. This paper presents one approach using geospatial datasets to construct a digital twin and calculus-based methods to assess corrosion susceptibility. In addition, feature data and decoupler information from a North American pipeline operator is used to model current mitigation and grounding.

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RP0692-HD1997-SG Application of a Coating System to Exterior Surfaces of Steel Rail Cars-HD1997

Product Number: 21058-HD1997

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1997

$179.00

Procedures for the application of a coating system to the exterior surfaces of steel rail cars…all rail cars in general…some sections will apply to a particular type (e.g., hopper, tank car). Historical Document 1997

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Issues with Correlation between Accelerated Test Methods and Field Performance

Product Number: 51324-20975-SG

Author: Gunnar Dunér; Ted Best; Dongrui Yang; Victoria Gelling

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Lifetime prediction often relies on various accelerated methods with the end goal of accurately predicting time-to-failure and failure modes which may occur during real-world exposure. This presentation will focus on a case study for organic coatings over a coil-type metal substrate. Samples from 2011 were evaluated by multiple corrosion, humidity, flexibility, and adhesion measurements prior to field exposure at two test fences in Florida. An unexpected field failure, general blistering, was observed relatively rapidly after the field exposure commenced. This study focuses on data analysis of the 2011 physical and corrosion tests, field exposure results, and recent electrochemical and microscopic evaluations of unexposed 2011 retain samples. The retain samples were from the same 2011 study, but they were never tested and were maintained wrapped on a shelf in a laboratory. No correlation was observed between the standard 2011 tests and the resulting field performance. However, newer test methods, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) cross-section analysis with elemental mapping, provided insight into the reason for the field blister failure. The proposed mechanism of failure was inconsistencies in pretreatment deposition which caused inconsistent EIS performance and localized blistering upon field testing.

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The Mechanical Behavior of Hydrogen Charged Beryllium Copper

Product Number: 51386-86171-SG

Author: Turn, J.C. Jr.; Ratka, J.O

Publication Date: 1986

$20.00

Available for download

Upstream Assets Integrity Management

Product Number: MPWT19-15264

Author: H. Seshadhri Srinivasan

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Upstream oil production assets, including oil production pipeline network and gas oil water separation facilities, play a dominant role in sustaining production targets to meet customer requirements. Corrosion management of such assets encompasses various phases, such as design, construction, operation, and decommissioning. Proper engineering design and sound construction practices combined with effective monitoring are essential to manage and maintain the corrosion of these assets within acceptable limits. Some of the considerations taken into account during design include: safety, environment, pressure, temperature, material availability, delivery time, and cost. Operating these assets outside of the design boundaries could influence the corrosion process, significantly impacting integrity. Close monitoring of operating parameters, along with identifying the corrosion by employing appropriate inspection techniques, and implementing timely corrective measures, are of paramount importance to preserving the integrity of these critical assets, which otherwise could lead to safety and environmental issues. This paper highlights three case studies involving the importance of cathodic protection monitoring, and failure analysis of an oil pipeline, along with corrosion inhibitor optimization efforts carried out to ensure asset integrity.

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A Study of Various Parameters Affecting the Performance of Liquid-Applied Epoxy Pipeline Coatings

Product Number: 51323-19474-SG

Author: Shan Rao, Haralampos Tsaprailis, Jiajun Liang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Protective coatings provide the primary defense against corrosion of pipelines. Adhesion is one of the most crucial properties for coatings to function properly and support successful long-term integrity. If the bond between the coating and substrate is weak or deteriorates, the coating ceases to be attached to the substrate, and the coating loses its effectiveness and eventually fails.

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51317-9430-Epoxy High Temperature Coatings and Considerations

Product Number: 51317-9430-SG

ISBN: 9430 2017 CP

Author: Dr Muni Ramakrishnan

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

We will review the class of epoxies that can be classified as Ultra-high temperature epoxies that can be put in service at above 150 C. The topics in this paper will include the technological issues associated with ultra-high temperature epoxy systems.

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The Next Generation of Double Bottom Tank Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51319-12924-SG

Author: Lou Koszewski

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A new and innovative method has been developed to allow for cathodic protection of the upper / new tank bottom in a double bottom tank. When two steel tank bottoms are in electrical contact with each other the lower tank bottom acts as an electrical shield to cathodic protection (CP) current external from the tank. By electrically isolating the new / upper tank bottom from the old tank bottom and old dead shell CP current can then flow right through the old tank bottom to cathodically protect the upper / new tank bottom. The old tank bottom and dead shell become essentially transparent. Non-conductive type release prevention membranes were required to be used in the past between the old tank bottom and upper / new tank bottom to prevent the galvanic affects of new steel / old steel corrosion. A conductive type of release prevention barrier can now be utuilized to provide leak prevention without the concern of new steel /old steel galvanic corrosion occuring between the two tank bottoms. Significant advantages occur by electrically isolating the upper / new tank bottom away from the old tank bottom and dead shell of which the most significant is that CP current can always pass through the old tank bottom eliminating the problems and concerns of consumed CP systems between the tank bottoms. Cathodic Protection data from two tanks incorporating this new and innovative method will be discussed.

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A High Performance Solvent Free Epoxy Coating Which is Applicable for High Temperature Immersion Environment

Product Number: MECC23-20000-SG

Author: Seunghyun Yang, Gokgeun Kim

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Crude oil and its derivate have many applications in almost all industries as O&G are the main resources that move the entire world. The oil and gas industry operate in demanding environments that pose significant challenges to equipment and infrastructure integrity. Facilities such as Gas Oil Separation Plant (GOSP) tanks, submerged areas, DGA columns, desulfurization units, and sour gas treatment facilities are subjected to high temperatures, corrosive substances, and harsh operating conditions.

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Naturally Buffered Iron Chloride Containing Solutions for SSC Tests of Low Alloy Steels

Product Number: 51324-20732-SG

Author: Florian Thebault; Hervé Marchebois

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Addition of controlled quantity of iron (II) chloride (FeCl2) in a test solution allows a tight control of the pH of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests for low alloy steels. The natural buffering capacity is a consequence of the precipitation of iron sulfide corrosion products at a very early stage during the corrosion test. This work shows that FeCl2 can efficiently replace acetic acid for pH buffering of the SSC tests. NACE TM0177 Method A and D tests have been performed and showed similar environmental severity for SSC compared to standardized test solutions at a given pH. Thanks to a reduction of the corrosion rate in FeCl2 containing environments, which limits the increase of the applied stress during the test, the environmental severity appears to be fairly evaluated. Iron sulfide scale characterization and failure observations support the conclusion that FeCl2 containing solutions do not modify the SSC corrosion mechanism. This alternative test solution is well adapted to the determination of threshold pH for SSC.

Basic Corrosion_eCourse_ALL

Product Number: Basic_eCourse_ALL Modules

$1,950.00

The Basic Corrosion online course covers a basic but thorough review of causes of corrosion and the methods by which corrosion is identified, monitored, and controlled.

Purchase of this course includes a one-year subscription and is non-refundable. Students will have access to all course materials for a period of one year from the date of registration. All course work must be completed during this time period. Extensions and transfers cannot be granted.

The initial exam fee for the Corrosion Foundations exam is included with the course registration fees. The C exam is administered through Examity, an online remote proctoring service. Once you have purchased the course, please allow 5-7 business days to be authorized for the exam.

Once authorized, you will receive an email from noreply@examinity.com with login and scheduling instructions for the online portal. You will need to set up your profile in the online portal and can then schedule the exam at your convenience.

For further details visit the resources page on our website.

Please note: You will have 1 year from date of purchase to complete the exam or forfeit your fees.

Available for download

Evaluation of Mechanistic Models and Correlations for Predicting Solid Particle-Induced Erosion under Various Flow Regimes

Product Number: 51323-19084-SG

Author: Farzin Darihaki, Ronald E. Vieira, Siamack A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Erosion, a mechanical process during which material is removed from the pipelines and other flow-containing equipment, can occur when solid particles such as sand are carried by the flow. Erosion is more critical when there is a change in the flow direction, such as particle-laden flows in elbows and tees.

While experimentation is a possible approach to obtain erosion rates, the conditions under which tests could be performed are limited in some respects.

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Sensitization Behavior of Alloy C-276 as a Function of Mu Phase Precipitation

Product Number: 51319-13421-SG

Author: Matthew Perricone

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Nickel alloy C-276 is nominally a single-phase corrosion-resistant alloy used in a wide variety of applications particularly in the chemical process industries. Rich in alloying elements like Mo and Cr that promote corrosion resistance the grain boundary precipitation of mu (µ) phase is avoided since it is typically associated with sensitization. Recent work by the present authors to create an atlas of microstructures for this alloy included experimental validation of calculated Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) curves as a function of variation in alloying elements within the composition space specified for the alloy. Precipitation of the intermetallic mu (µ) phase was experimentally determined to be the exclusive result of the heat treatment regimens applied to verify the positions and shapes of calculated TTT curves. The present work is an empirical investigation of the sensitization behavior of alloy C-276 as a function of mu precipitation – generating Time-Temperature-Sensitization (TTS) curves that can be directly compared to empirical TTT behavior.

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Development of Molecular Probe for Iron Reducing and Thiosulfate Reducing Bacteria

Product Number: 51324-20885-SG

Author: Tekle Fida; Luke Austin; Scott Leleika; Taylor Rambo; Karen Crippen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) activities are mostly monitored by using canonical culture-based methods. However, these methods detect only culturable bacteria or require months of incubation to get results. To overcome this, molecular detection methods were developed for many of the MIC-causing microbes but were not available for Iron Reducing Bacteria (IRB) and Thiosulfate Reducing Bacteria (TRB). IRB and TRB are among the dominant group of microbes involved in corrosion and souring oil and gas infrastructures. In the present study, molecular probes were developed for IRB and TRB by targeting functional genes implicated in iron and thiosulfate reduction, respectively. Candidate gene sequences were retrieved from genome repository databases of pure isolates or metagenomic sequences. The sequences were aligned using bioinformatic software and primer-based probes were developed from conserved regions. Specificity and efficiency of the primers were validated by amplifying the sequences of target and non-target microbes using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methods. The probes successfully detected candidate microbes in biocorrosion samples collected from various gas processing facilities. The identified primer-based probes will help oil and gas industries to monitor MIC activities and develop timely management strategies to prevent undesirable microbial activities while improving system integrity and safety concerns.

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Ripple Slow Strain Rate Test for SSC and SCC of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel and 25Cr Super Duplex Stainless Steel Tubular Materials

Product Number: 51324-20735-SG

Author: Chong Li

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion and environmental cracking tests are important for fitness-for-service (FFS) evaluation during the material selection and qualification process to ensure quality of tubular materials. Super 13Cr martensitic stainless steel and super duplex 25Cr stainless steel are commonly used as tubular materials in oil and gas production wells under corrosive environments containing CO2 and H2S. This study evaluated the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) behavior of super 13Cr martensitic stainless steel and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 25Cr super duplex stainless steel by using ripple slow strain rate test (SSRT) or cyclic SSRT. Environmental conditions including temperature, H2S, pH and chloride concentrations were varied to develop a service envelope and/or a material performance quality control criterion. This paper also presents implementation of ripple SSRT testing methodology in author’s company best practices for 25Cr tubular material qualification.

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51316-6970-Development Of Spray-Applied Pipeline Erosion-Protective Epoxy Linings

Product Number: 51316-6970-SG

ISBN: 6970 2016 CP

Author: Osmay OHarriz

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

This paper aims to present a novel class of pipeline protective lining materials that provide erosion-corrosion resistance combined with negligible wear to spray equipment. These coatings have been formulated with a blend of thermoplastic fillers rather than the traditional ceramic fillers used for erosion resistance.

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Atmospheric Plasma Coating Removal For Naval Engineering And Maintenance Applications

Product Number: 51322-18170-SG

Author: Glenn Astolfi, Arthur Wood, Jeffrey Piascik, Peter Yancey, Levi Snowden, Robert Ross

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A vessel docked for maintenance is a vessel out of service. For military forces, this significantly affects the readiness of that force, its ability to respond quickly and appropriately to a developing situation. It is for this reason that the United States Navy continues to search for and invest in innovations that improve maintenance turn-around times as well as innovations that keep vessels in service for longer periods of time. In large-scale construction and manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and naval maintenance, coating removal is an essential but time-consuming process required for constructing and maintaining vessels and other structures.

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How Informative is Your Annual CP Survey Potential Data? - A Statistical Analysis

Product Number: 51324-21219-SG

Author: Thomas Hayden; Len Krissa; Keith Parker; Cedar Osmond

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In the United States, gas and hazardous liquid pipelines are regulated by Section 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 192 and 195 respectively. It is in these regulations where guidance for the location and frequency is required to “have sufficient test stations or other contact points for electrical measurement to determine the adequacy of cathodic protection.” Historically, many operators in the United States have placed test stations at typically a 1-to-3-mile interval to demonstrate compliance with the associated regulations. A statistical analysis was performed on the annual test station data on multiple pipelines to show how meaningful this data is towards understanding the overall cathodic protection effectiveness. The priority of CP application needs to be from a corrosion prevention perspective rather than one driven strictly by regulatory compliance.

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Cathodic Protection: An Integral Part of Tank Maintenance

Product Number: 41206-283-SG

Author: Rog

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Barrier and inhibitor coatings are the primary defense against steel loss in water storage tanks. However, as a coating begins to deteriorate, action is necessary to prevent steel loss in the exposed areas of the substrate. Cathodic protection systems are an economical way to address preventing metal loss on the submerged surface areas of a water storage tank and have been proven to extend the useful life of coatings for immersion service.

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Novel Waterborne Epoxy Resin Dispersion for High Performance Metal Primers and Concrete Floor Finishes

Product Number: 41210-573-SG

Author: Ming Tsang, Karl Sundberg

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

A new and versatile waterborne solid epoxy resin dispersion with good flexibility and improved shear stability is presented. When this binder is used, high performance metal primers can be formulated without the use of anti-corrosion pigments. This is highly desirable since the toxicological effects of zinc phosphate and other zinc-based salts are causing environmental concerns.

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Coating Selection for Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Structures

Product Number: 51319-12813-SG

Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Examples of experimental protocols and competitive analyses for coating selection for transmission and distribution (T&D) structures are provided in this paper. The tests were conducted in different electrolytes with painted galvanized and non-galvanized steel including solutions with high chloride soil solutions with different salt concentrations and aqueous solutions using deionized water sea water and corrosivewater etc. The results provide an indication of coating quality and corrosion resistance. Coating evaluation using various combinations of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and other tier testing techniques including cathodic disbondment and cathodic protection shielding is also considered. Finally methods of EIS-based technologies for rapid evaluation of organic coatings are reviewed and case histories in T&D utility industry is presented.Key words: coating selection coating evaluation transmission and distribution structures electrochemical impedance spectroscopy case studies

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TM0211-2011-SG “Durability Test for Copper/Copper Sulfate Permanent Reference Electrodes for Direct Burial Applications”

Product Number: 21257-SG

ISBN: 1-57590-247-8

Publication Date: 2011

$109.00

Test method to measure properties and stability of Cu/CuSO4 permanent reference electrodes (PREs) under environmental stress. Specifically measures migration of CuSO4 from - and chloride into - the PRE.

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Electrochemical Investigation of Duplex Stainless Steel Cladded Carbon Steel Manufactured via Powder

Product Number: 51319-13538-SG

Author: Pratik Murkute

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The duplex stainless steels find extensive applications where there is a need for highly corrosion resistant materials i.e. oil and gas industry nuclear power generation seawater applications. This study aims to investigate the electrochemical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel cladded carbon steel manufactured using powder bed the selective laser melting (PB-SLM) technique in 3.56 wt.% NaCl solution. The PB-SLM technique involves spreading of a thin layer of duplex stainless steel powder on a mild steel substrate and localized melting with Yb - fiber laser. Crucial parameters of the PB-SLM process such as laser power laser-scanning speed and layer thickness were optimized and fine-tuned to achieve the best possible bonding between the clad material and the carbon steel substrate. Using the optimized process parameters carbon steel substrates were cladded with stainless steel of various thicknesses. Several mechanical and microscopic tests (viz. nano-indentation X-ray diffraction Scanning electron microscopy) were performed to characterize both the bulk properties of the stainless steel layer and the interface between the cladding and the substrate. Electrochemical and corrosion properties were tested via. open-circuit potential monitoring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP) in the said electrolyte. Scanning vibrating electrode technique was employed to study the galvanic corrosion properties of the duplex stainless steel and carbon steel at the clad-substrate interface.

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04044 Performance of High Potential Magnesium Anodes: Factors Affecting Efficiency

Product Number: 51300-04044-SG

ISBN: 04044 2004 CP

Author: Mark Yunovich, CC Technologies

Publication Date: 2004

$20.00

Magnesium anodes are provided to the corrosion control industry by a number of domestic and international manufacturers and distributors. Anode composition is commonly the only criterion used for quality control by the end users. Many of the anodes, however, have been shown to meet the compositional and potential specifications, and yet have had measured efficiencies as low as 7%.

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Conference Proceedings 2018- 10848 through 11008

Product Number: 51318-2

Author: Various

Publication Date: 2018

$0.00

Corrosion 2018 Conference Proceedings 10848 to 11008

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On the Susceptibility of Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking

Product Number: 51319-12846-SG

Author: Roberto Morana

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Precipitation Hardened (PH) Nickel alloys have been widely used in the Oil & Gas Industry for decades as these materials offer high strength and outstanding corrosion resistance in aggressive environments. They are commonly used in high-strength components in downhole wellhead subsea and Christmas tree equipment. However high profile failures of equipment have occurred including tubing hangers cross-overs and subsea bolts with alloys such as UNS N07718 UNS N07716 or UNS N07725. In all these cases the mechanism identified was Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC) as the result of the interaction between atomic hydrogen adsorbed by the alloy and its microstructure.PH Nickel alloys are all subject to precipitation of secondary and tertiary phases which if processed improperly (particularly during hot working and heat treatment) may adversely affect the material properties required for the intended application. Despite the number of scientific and technical contributions produced over the last years the interaction between these complex microstructural features and atomic hydrogen is still not understood and is further complicated by variations in testing approaches used to simulate severe hydrogen charging conditions. The present paper provides insights on the HAC failure mechanism for API 6ACRA PH Nickel alloys comparing findings from numerous studies. In addition implications for currently adopted standards and emerging specifications are also presented and discussed.

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Making It Last: An Interactive Lifecycle Calculator for Selecting Water Tank Coatings

Product Number: 51323-19199-SG

Author: Cameron Walker, Jennifer Gleisberg

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A life cycle costing analysis (LCCA) is the process of compiling cost estimates for each coating system option in combination with the expected life span of each of those options. In general terms, the lowest cost per year of service is the most economical choice. This LCCA process can be paired with an environmental impact analysis to evaluate the sustainability considerations of managing the water tank asset. One of the most commonly addressed factors in an environment life cycle assessment is a calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with a process, presented in equivalent CO2 emissions.

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Recent Surface Preparation Challenges and Solutions

Product Number: 51324-20586-SG

Author: Ken Rossy, Thomas Crenshaw

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

It is commonly known that 75% of coating failures can be attributed to improper surface preparation. This figure shows how challenging it is to get this step right. However, education can improve this number. The best learning comes from studying specific cases which illustrate challenging corrosion protection problems. In this paper, we present several examples of recent projects such as tank linings, tank floating roofs, paper mills, and upstream maintenance projects to show that optimizing surface preparation was a key step in success for the owner and contractor alike. In each of these cases, creative ideas and new technology helped achieve success. We will discuss these projects from the perspective of the coating manufacturer, equipment manufacturer and additional technology used to improve the coatings job.

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