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The Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) at Consorzio RFX (Padua, Italy) hosts two experiments: MITICA, the 1 MeV full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI), and SPIDER, the low energy 100 keV ITER HNB full-size Ion Source [1]. The exploitation of SPIDER and MITICA is necessary to make the future operation of the ITER NBI efficient and reliable; a fundamental aspect to achieving thermonuclear-relevant plasma parameters in ITER.
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Oilfield waters have a complex composition depending on reservoir rock at different geographical locations that can be carried into the production water1. The alteration in environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, salt content or pH can cause the liquid to oversaturate and the contained ions to form complexes. These will precipitate out of the solution, deposit and grow on contacting surfaces such as reservoirs, upstream production tubing, sub-surface safety valves, water injection lines to top side refining equipment namely heat exchangers and transport lines 2–4. Scaling can also be induced by incompatible mixing of fluids. For example CaCO3 and /or BaSO4 form through typical mixing of SO4 2- containing sea water with the formation water that carries high concentrations of divalent cations such as Ca2+and Ba2+2. Similarly, sulfide scales form upon mixing with H2S-containing formation water enriched with Fe, Zn or Pb ions 5. ZnS and PbS have been observed to form in presence of only 25 ppm H2S at gulf of Mexico containing 50 ppm Zn and 5 ppm Pb , due to their low solubility constant Ksp 6,7.
In 2010, mechanical integrity personnel started the application of the Direct Assessment (DA) and Inline Inspection Methodologies (ILI) to establish the integrity validation baseline assessments for a Pipeline Integrity Program (PIP) for the pipelines operated within Blocks 12 and 15 by Petroamazonas EP, in Ecuador.
Silicone room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) polymer based coatings were designed with maintenance, and extending asset design life in mind. This technology can be tailored to be used as the backbone for a wide variety of coating applications by taking advantage of the inherent properties of RTV silicone.
The exopolysaccharides (EPS) are a class of renewable natural polymers, which present anti-fouling property. Therefore, it may be used as an alternative to conventional additives currently used in anti-corrosive paints. The copper oxide is an additive commonly used due to its anticorrosive and anti-fouling properties.
Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) of nickel-base alloys has been observed in the primary coolant of light water reactors (LWRs). One of the main issues is primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of Alloy 182 which has been a concern for a long time. For assumed or existing defects, disposition curves (crack growth rate as function of stress intensity factor) are available.
API (American Petroleum Institute) tracks and analyzes the cause of leaks / releases of hydrocarbons based on data reported to PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration). One study took a statistical look at the causes of internal corrosion for onshore liquid pipelines. In a 10-year period, a total of 503 incidents were responsible for 53,000 barrels spilled and property damage of $188,000,000.