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Opportunistic Compilation Of ECDA, ILI, And Hydrostatic Testing For Successful Pipeline Uprating: Case Study

Product Number: 51322-17480-SG

Author: Paul S. Young

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The annual natural gas demand in the United States surpassed 31 trillion cubic feet in 2019. This is over a 500% increase from demand in the 1950’s (5.7 trillion cubic feet) [1]. As gas demand continues to rise, pipeline operators have limited options to meet demand requirements. Pressure uprating is one option that can be leveraged for certain pipelines to meet the increased demand economically.

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Instant-Off Potentials Underestimate Cathodic Protection Levels on Pipelines

Product Number: 51323-19083-SG

Author: Peter Haas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is used to prevent external corrosion on underground pipelines. The effectiveness of CP is commonly evaluated by measuring the DC potential (voltage) of the pipeline with respect to a reference electrode located on the surface of the earth above the pipeline. Criteria used to interpret pipeline potential measurements are given by Section 6 of NACE SP-0169-2013 “Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.

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04151 High Strength Fasteners for Subsea Applications

Product Number: 51300-04151-SG

ISBN: 04151 2004 CP

Author: Khlefa A. Esaklul, BP Exploration; John W. Martin, BP Amoco

Publication Date: 2004

$20.00

Laboratory testing to qualify several materials for high strength fastener applications for two projects has shown that, in the presence of cathodic protection, nickel alloys 718 and 725 offer the best resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and are available in the strength/size required for high pressure and moderate temperature applications for sub-sea applications.

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Low VOC Vinyl and Vinyl/Acrylic Coatings Systems

Product Number: 41210-541-SG

Author: Daniel Harrison, John Przybylo

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

Throughout their history, the value of vinyl and vinyl/acrylic coating systems has been well documented; from the superior corrosion protection of vinyl to the all-around durability and appearance that acrylics lend, vinyl and vinyl/acrylic coating systems are well known for their ability to protect as well as beautify all types of industrial, transportation, marine and hydraulic structures. Within the past few decades increasingly stringent air-quality standards and environmental regulations curtailed the use of the solvents used in many coating systems, including vinyls and vinyl/acrylics.

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Laboratory Investigations into the Edge Protection of Organic Coatings

Product Number: 41210-555-SG

Author: Sascha Buchbach, Andreas W. Momber

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

The presentation reports about a nationally funded 3-year R&D project on the effects of edge geometry and coating type on the corrosion protection performance of organic coatings on edges with particular attention to ballast water tank applications. Core of the presentation is the description of the testing scenarios, the introduction of three assessment methods, and the discussion of the results. Testing methods included the long-term testing of samples in a specially designed IMO chamber, the utilization of electric impedance spectroscopy and DFT measurements on polished cross sections of coated edges.

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Carbonation Modelling of Historic Concrete Buildings

Product Number: 51319-13078-SG

Author: Paul Noyce

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

As concrete buildings age the significance of them becomes more important as they are seen as historic icons and in some countries are protected by local laws. This puts a large demand on their service life requirements as they are expected to last indefinitely. The lifetime of these buildings is most commonly dictated by corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel cause by carbonation. Challenges with carbonation comes down to dealing with the length of time before corrosion will be initiated and then how long it takes in the propagation phase before damage to the concrete occurs.The paper will look at various carbonation models used by practitioners which provide a level of prediction to future degradation and evaluate how effective these are in the real world. An emphasis will be on environmental conditions and how this impacts performance of the building. These environmental indexes are required on most structures if any level of accuracy is required. In addition to establishing parameters required by service life models inspection techniques will be reviewed for their applicability on understanding underlying corrosion conditions.

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51318-10841-BARE FIELD JOINT FOR SUSBEA PIPELINES A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE ?

Product Number: 51318-10841-SG

Author: Gwenaëlle Benoit / Morgan Gouriou / Denis Melot / Jean Vittonato / Nicolas Larché

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

An experiment to simulate bare field joint configuration under cathodic protection over a long term exposure in seawater on a 3LPE coated pipe section in renewed seawater and half-buried in mud. Results conclude that the bare field joint concept is feasible.

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Environmentally Assisted Cracking of High Strength PH Nickel Alloys for HPHT Applications

Product Number: 51319-12794-SG

Author: Thodla Ramgopal

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Environmentally assisted cracking of high strength PH nickel alloys 725 945X and 955 were evaluated under subsea HPHT environments. The two primary environments of interest in this effort were in 3.5wt% NaCl pH = 8.2 under cathodic polarization at low temperature 40F and in sour service environments at elevated temperature and pressure (350F/400F and 125psia CO2/0.08psia H2S). Fatigue crack growth rate and static crack growth rate measurements were performed in both the environments. The alloys exhibited excellent resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking but did not exhibit a strong frequency dependence. There was no evidence of stable static crack growth even at very high values of stress intensity factor (90ksiÖin).However tests performed under cathodic polarization revealed that the fatigue crack growth rate exhibits a strong dependence on frequency for various DK values. In all cases stable static crack growth rate (CGR) was observed for all the alloys tested. In case of 725 CGR values on the order of 10-6mm/s were obtained at K values as low as 50ksiÖin whereas for 945X required a stress intensity factor of about 80 ksiÖin to obtain similar CGR’s suggesting that the 945X was more resistant to cracking under hydrogen embrittlement conditions than 725.

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51318-11067-The Performance Effect of Coating Rusty Steel with an Epoxy-Amine Coating

Product Number: 51318-11067-SG

Author: Mike O’Donoghue / Vijay Datta / Carl Reed

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Compares the accelerated corrosion performance of an alkylated phenolic polyamine cured epoxy coating applied to abrasive blasted steel (NACE 1/SSPC-SP5) to the same application on substrates allowed to rust.

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Development of a New CRA Grade for High Pressure High Temperature Application

Product Number: 51319-12782-SG

Author: Cécile Millet

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

In High Pressure High Temperature “HPHT” wells (pressure above 10000psi/690bar temperature above 300°F/150°C which contain CO2 (sweet corrosion) and H2S (sour service) the oil & gas operators need to select materials which are resistant in corrosive atmosphere during the well lifetime. At the same time high strength grades are usually required to meet collapse and burst properties. The aim of the end users is to get the specific grade which can resist to corrosion while minimizing the cost which involves qualification with corrosion tests.The API 5CRA standard defines corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) grades for casings and tubings from group 1 named “Super 13Cr 13-5-2” (suitable up to 356°F/180°C) to group 2 “Duplex” grades 22-5-3 (450°F/232°C) or “Super Duplex” 25-7-4 (482°F/250°C) and higher grades.Therefore when the well temperature is above 356°F/180°C duplex grades or higher are commonly selected as these materials have a larger application domain at higher temperature range.A new proprietary grade chemistry was developed to provide good corrosion performances up to 230°C 125ksi (862MPa) grade material and high impact toughness. From a metallurgical standpoint achieving targeted mechanical and corrosion performances has ended up in a multi-phases material (martensite delta ferrite and austenite). Most of the performances are mainly controlled by the phases balance which alloy optimization has enabled consistent control by heat treatment.Stress corrosion cracking performances were assessed and compared to Super 13Cr and Super Duplex materials showing significant benefice of chromium under high temperature. Potentiodynamic electrochemical measurements in H2S environment were performed at 24°C in order to evaluate pitting performance and assess risk of sulfide stress corrosion cracking confirming higher sulfide stress corrosion performance compared to S13Cr materials. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations provide deep knowledge about it passive film compositions underlining the beneficial effect of high chromium within the grade.This solution offers to Oil and Gas operators a cost effective designed seamless tubes for high temperature well reservoir condition as alternative to duplex materials.

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Evaluation of a Crude Oil Loading Berth for Maintenance Coating

Product Number: 41207-353-SG

Author: Thomas J. Marchesani

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

During FY2003, a feasibility study evaluated the condition of coatings on a crude oil loading berth, analyzed the ramifications of coating failure, and performed life cycle economic comparisons of maintenance coating alternatives. The subject paper presents a summary of the coating inspection results as well as an alternative method to determine the effect of coating failure and corrosion on marine loading berths.

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Laser Cleaning For Surface Preparation For Pre-Weld And Pre-Bonding Applications

Product Number: 51322-18182-SG

Author: Tyler O’Neill

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Laser cleaning has been an effective tool in manufacturing and industrial applications for over 20 years. Cleaning, as well as cutting and welding, has shown vast improvements in repeatability and precision with the use of laser technology [4]. Previous bonding techniques such as mechanical fixturing and welding can be inconsistent and cause issues like increased structural weight, decreased structural integrity, galvanic corrosion, and many more potential failures [5]. Laser cleaning may propose a viable option for adhering materials to reduce weight and increase repeatability. Welding practices continue to develop to reduce both weld thickness and porosity. Porosity in welds is typically caused from failure to prepare the surface adequately [1]. Failures in both welding applications and adhesive bonding applications can be reduced with the use of laser technology.

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51318-10604-Impedance models and water transport behaviors of steel pipes coated with cathodically polarized enamel

Product Number: 51318-10604-SG

Author: Liang Fan / Signo T.Reis / Genda Chen / Michael L. Koenigstein

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

In this study, enamel-coated steel pipe samples with various levels of cathodic protection were tested to investigate their impedance models by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

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Destructive Examination Protocol for 3013-Container-Package Storing Plutonium-Bearing Materials

Product Number: 51324-20811-SG

Author: Roderick E. Fuentes; Michael J. Martínez-Rodríguez; Elizabeth J. Kelly

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The 3013-container-package consists of a convenience, inner and outer container and is used for long-term storage of plutonium-bearing materials. A destructive examination (DE) protocol has been developed to examine the container package visually and with microscopic aid to find any corrosion conditions that could result in the loss of the integrity of the container package over its lifetime. The DE protocol contains three main steps: initial container examination, helium (He) leak testing, and detailed imaging and analysis of the inner container closure weld region (ICCWR). The ICCWR has been determined to be bounding, defined as exhibiting worst case conditions for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the inner container. To assess SCC in the ICCWR, the inner container lid is cut into quarters and the weld and He-leak testing gasket are removed. Then a citric acid wash is performed to remove adherent chlorides from the ICCWR. The wash is then sent for analysis to determine the concentration of chlorides in the ICCWR. While the analysis for chloride concentration is being performed, the quarter sections are further sectioned into 1/8th subsections by cutting each section in half. These subsections are washed using nitric acid to remove corrosion products. Then each subsection is imaged using a Wide Angle 3-D Measurement System (WAMS). After analysis of microscope images for potential SCC, additional imaging can be performed, including subsurface imaging. After review, a determination is made of whether the container integrity may potentially affect the safe storage of the material.

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51318-11538-Scaling-resistant coatings for high temperature sour gas service

Product Number: 51318-11538-SG

Author: Lawrence Kool / Hui Zhu / Qilang Wang / Fakuen Chang

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

This paper describes the development of novel coating materials and methods and evaluation of their effectiveness in preventing iron sulfide scale.

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Mechanical Performance of Nano-Particles Enriched Zinc Rich Coatings

Product Number: 51219-189-SG

Author: Saiada Fuadi Fancy, Md Ahsan Sabbir, Kingsley Lau

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Corrosion is a durability concern for any unprotected structural steel from its exposure environment and coatings are widely used for corrosion protection. Zinc-rich primer-based three-coat (ZRP) systems are the most widely used for structural steel, since 1980’s. However, these coating systems often require regular maintenance. So, there is always interest to develop durable novel coating systems to reduce the maintenance cost.

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10114 Manage Pipeline Integrity by Predicting and Mitigating HVAC Interference

Product Number: 51300-10114-SG

ISBN: 10114 2010 CP

Author: L. Bortels, J. Parlongue, Wolfgang Fieltsch, PE, Sorin Segall, PE

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

In this paper, a simulation software suite will be presented that is able to model both resistive (“close field”) as inductive (“far field”) interference in right of way’s (ROW’s) with pipeline and power transmission networks of any complexity.

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AMPP SP21443-2021, Coating Systems (External) for Pipeline Trenchless Crossings

Product Number: AMPP SP21443-2021

Publication Date: 2021

$109.00

This standard is intended for use by corrosion control personnel, design engineers, project managers, purchasers, and construction engineers, and managers. It is applicable to underground steel pipelines in the oil and gas gathering, distribution, and transmission industries.

This standard describes methods for qualifying and controlling the quality of fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) pipe coatings, urethane coatings, epoxy-urethanes, shrink sleeves (special applications), two-part liquid epoxies, and other properly qualified coatings (as long as the proper parameters are met in accordance with this document, e.g., polyolefin, three-layer coatings), provides guidelines for the proper application, and identifies inspection and repair techniques to achieve the best application of plant- and field-applied coating systems.

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98417 TITANIUM AS REACTOR MATERIAL FOR SCWO APPLICATIONS.FIRST EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Product Number: 51300-98417-SG

ISBN: 98417 1998 CP

Author: N. Boukis, C. Friedrich, E. Dinjus

Publication Date: 1998

$20.00

Titanium does not show the required mechanical strength for high temperature high pressure applications and it can only be used to form liners for an SCWO apparatus. Therefore, pressure tubes made of alloy 625 were lined with titanium grade 2, Additionally corrosion tests with coupons made of titanium grades 2, 5, 7, 12 and P-C were performed.

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Conference Proceedings 2018- 11391 through 11719

Product Number: 51318-5

Author: Various

Publication Date: 2018

$0.00

Corrosion 2018 Conference Proceedings 11391 to 11719

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Qualification Testing of Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings for Pipeline Exteriors

Product Number: 41206-288-SG

Author: Kenneth B. Tator

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

The selection of a coating for suitable use on the exterior of a pipeline is an important consideration due to the safety and cost consequences of potential corrosion. Because there are numerous fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) mainline and field joint coating systems available, the selection of the optimum coating system is as much an art as a science.

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Characterisation of a Novel Hybrid Anti-corrosive System Comprising Graphene Nano Platelets and Non- Metal-containing Anti-corrosive Pigments

Product Number: 51319-13266-SG

Author: Andy Gent

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Applied Graphene Materials produces a number of GNP dispersions enabling properties such as electrical/thermal conductivity mechanical properties gas permeability and barrier type to be achievedAnti-corrosive pigments have come under environmental pressure. The challenge is to develop anti-corrosive systems with performance equal to that of current anti-corrosive pigments. Prior work has demonstrated that very small additions of GNPs decreased water vapour transmission rates and extended time to initial corrosion and has been explained by the tortuous pathway created by the addition of GNPs to a host matrix. It has also been postulated that there is an anodic/cathodic process taking place in conjunction with typical active anti-corrosive pigments.This work is benchmarking GNPs against and in combination with commercially available anti-corrosive pigments via electrochemical corrosion and mechanical testing. We seek to characterise the mechanisms by which GNPs work as anti-corrosive pigments and investigate synergistic effects which will allow improvements in coatings anti-corrosive performance. Electrochemical AC impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) corrosion potential (OCP) measurements and potentiodynamic (PD) measurements has been used to probe the properties of GNP-epoxy coatings. In their simplest form values of impedance provide useful information concerning the passive barrier properties of a coating.

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Surface-Tolerant Elastomeric Waterborne Acrylic Coatings for the Protection of Steel

Product Number: 41205-154-SG

Author: Anne M. Bacho, Leo J. Procopio, Scott D.

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

The development of new elastomeric waterborne acrylic resins for use in surfacetolerant maintenance coatings will be described. Applied in thick films of up to 10 to 20 mils, these coatings are resistant to mudcracking, and form an excellent barrier coating for the protection of steel.

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RP0178-HD1995-SG Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion Service-HD19995

Product Number: 21022-HD1995

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1995

$179.00

Requirements for the design, fabrication, and surface finish of tanks to be lined for immersion service. Tanks may be lined for corrosion control or to prevent product contamination. Historical Document 1995

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Surface treated metallic bipolar plates as an alternative to platinized titanium

Product Number: 51323-19247-SG

Author: Jakub Ludvík, Richard Bureš, Milan Kouřil, Hala Miroslav, Fojt Jaroslav, Michalcová Alena, Iryna Danylo

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Organic coatings protect the underlying metallic substrate against corrosion by acting as a barrier to corrosive species such as water, ions, and oxygen. Unfortunately, coatings might contain defects and could degrade or disbond under some environmental conditions, resulting in favorable pathways for such corrosive species.

Barrier protection is one of the modes by which intact coatings provide protection to metal substrates through a reduction of the transport of materials, ions, or charge.

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RP0398-HD1998-Recommendations for Training and Qualifying Personnel as Railcar Coating and Lining Inspectors-HD1998

Product Number: 21086-HD1998

ISBN: 1-57590-071-8

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1998

$179.00

Guidelines specific to the railcar industry for the in-house training and employer administered qualification of one level of coating inspection qualification. Historical Document 1998

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A Multielectrode Array Sensor for Coating and Pretreatment Evaluation on Carbon Steels

Product Number: 51317--9011-SG

ISBN: 9011 2017 CP

Author: Yugo Ashida

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this study a coupled multielectrode array sensor (CMAS) is used for coating and pretreatment evaluation on carbon steels. The preliminary testing results are summarized and discussed for further application.

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Impact of Different Carbon Sources on dsrAB Gene, a Major Concern for Oil and Gas Industries

Product Number: 51324-20602-SG

Author: Luiz André Lucas Teixeira Pinto; Vinícius Ribeiro Flores; Diogo Azevedo Coutinho; Walter Barreiro Cravo Junior

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion induced by microorganisms is an already known fact that affects, among other heavy industries, the oil and gas sector. Its understanding and deep knowledge can avoid material and physical damage to those involved in the related processes. Molecular tools may help to mitigate these possible damages; however, studies are needed to understand molecular mechanisms involving microbial activity, especially the transcription of important enzymes such as sulfite reductase (dsrAB) which may be involved inthe corrosive process. mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed to quantify gene expression. Also, the enzyme production quantification by molecular techniques and H2S analysis were conducted to check dissolved gas concentration through potentiometric titration. It was possible to infer that availability of carbon sources and its complexity may increase bacterial metabolic activity, especially in the presence of lactate that, in this study, showed an increase in gene expression and H2S production compared to a variety of carbon sources and a control sample.

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Development of High Strength grade and Cost Effective Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Solution for high CO2/H2S environment

Product Number: 51320-14715-SG

Author: Cécile Millet, Martien Deffo , Harold Evin, Guillaume Néel

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Super martensitic stainless steel (13Cr-5Ni-2Mo) provides high strength and CO2 resistance. It can be used at high temperature up to 180°C/356°F in high chloride environment. When the well temperature is above 180°C/356°F, Duplex grades 22-5-3 or Super Duplex 25-7-4 grades are commonly selected as per API 5CRA standard.
A new proprietary grade chemistry has been developed to provide improved strength up to 125ksi and higher pitting resistance while maintaining a tempered martensitic microstructure with low delta ferrite content and no detrimental phases or precipitates. Improvement of pitting resistance has been assessed through cyclic polarization curves. Higher sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were assessed through NACE(1) TM 0177 method A 1 at ambient and high temperature. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations provide deep knowledge about passive film compositions underlining the beneficial effect of higher Mo within the grade.
This paper presents the benefit of the improved chemistry on sweet corrosion and sulfide stress cracking in severe downhole environment. It summarizes the effect of different parameters in both production and shut-in conditions to be considered to select cost effective material.

Practical Manual of Biocorrosion and Biofouling for the Industry, English Edition

Product Number: 38251

ISBN: 0952711591

Author: By Hector A. Videla

$30.00

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Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Metal Dusting Resistant Nickel-Base N06235 Alloy

Product Number: 51324-20910-SG

Author: Ling Chen; Michael G. Fahrmann; Jeremy L. Caron; Vinay Deodeshmukh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Nickel-base N06235 alloy is a solid-solution strengthened Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy that was developed to resist metal dusting corrosion attack in high temperature structural applications involving carbonaceous and other high temperature corrosive environments, particularly in syngas production and processing environments. Improved metal dusting resistance was achieved by significant additions of copper and high amounts chromium to inhibit carbon deposition, ingress, and coke formation as previously reported. The high temperature creep-rupture and tensile strength of the wrought alloy and its weldments were investigated in this paper. Weld samples produced by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), exhibit tensile and creep-rupture strength similar to that of wrought alloy in the temperature range from 538 to 1093oC (1000 to 2000oF). In addition, the retained room and elevated temperature tensile properties of the wrought base metal after 4000-hour long-term aging at temperatures from 649 to 871°C (1200 to 1600oF) are reported.

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51318-11212-Rapid Screening of Additive Manufactured Specimens for Sour Testing: Orientation and Surface Effects

Product Number: 51318-11212-SG

Author: William Kovacs III / Liu Cao / Byron Mohr / Nicholas Burkardt / Zachary Berg

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Mechanical and electrochemical rapid screening techniques for UNS(4) S17400 (AM) material were evaluated in comparison to sour tests of the same materials. Effects of the as-deposited surface were explored, in addition to the influence of build orientation.

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Performance Comparison of Waterborne and Solvent-Borne Epoxy Primers

Product Number: 41212-688-SG

Author: Tim Miller, Yong Zhang

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Coatings designed for heavy duty applications in the maintenance and protective coatings market are exposed to aggressive environments such as aggressive chemical solvents, marine atmospheres, UV light, abrasion, among others. In the US as well as other areas of the world, coatings designed for these applications have been primarily solvent-borne.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR LOW ALLOY STEEL PIPING ATTACHMENT WELDS

Product Number: MPWT19-15315

Author: Ameer Hamza, Jignesh Desai, Jan-Willem Rensman, Mark Van Den Broek, Kuntak Daru

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Proper design and fabrication, heat treatment and inspection practices play a vital role in achieving good quality and performance of low alloy steel piping. These materials have narrower fabrication windows as the alloy content goes up and non-adherence to correct execution practices may lead to leakage by delayed hydrogen cracking, stress corrosion cracking or fatigue resulting in unplanned shutdowns and costly repairs.
This paper describes details about strengths and weaknesses of support design and fabrication practices for such attachment welds. The paper discusses various precautions to be taken during the design and fabrication stages for low alloy steel supports attachment welds. It will discuss heat treatment cycles viz. preheat, interpass, dehydrogenation treatment (post heating) and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). The control of consumables, welding environment conditions, and the weld heating cycle is essential to prevent hydrogen assisted cold cracking in high hardness microstructures in weld and HAZ, and for achieving successful relief of residual welding stresses.

Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide (Black Powder) within Pipelines or Processing Equipment”

Product Number: 37642-POD

ISBN: 978-1-57590-383-5

Author: Daniel E. Powell, Robert H. Winters, Mark A. Mercer

$190.00

This is a print-on-demand (POD) book that will be produced just for you in 2-5 days after your order. It should arrive at your door in about one to two weeks. However, due to supply chain and logistic challenges currently affecting the industry, it may take longer. Allow three weeks for international orders.

The Field Guide for Managing Iron Sulfide (Black Powder) within Pipelines or Processing Equipment offers practical guidance for corrosion control and operations personnel in managing black powder within their pipeline systems or processing equipment.

This book was written for new corrosion control professionals and operations personnel, who are based at production facilities. It provides straightforward, practical guidance regarding what is “black powder,” and why it may be a concern, field tests to be conducted, follow-up laboratory test that could be ordered, and an approach for using maintenance pigging, coupled with chemical treatments, to remove accumulations of “black powder.”

It begins with a discussion of what is black powder and identifies health and safety considerations associated with H₂S and the presence of black powder, identifying why there may be a concern.

The Field Guide presents field and laboratory tests typically used to identify the presence of iron sulfide, and then discusses maintenance pigging and/or chemical treatments for removing such particulates. Several case studies are also presented.

2019 NACE, 6 x 9" trim size, color, perfect bound, 264 pages

Field Guide for Managing Black Powder White Paper

Download the free white paper summary of this title to see specific areas of focus and discussion

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Substitution of Carbon Steels for Material SA-533 Type E for Lightweight Equipment

Product Number: 51319-12919-SG

Author: Valery Ngomo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

For many years MnMoNi alloy steels (ASME SA-533 type B or type C class 2) have been used in the substitution of carbon steels for the manufacture of equipment when weight reduction is critical. Nevertheless the use of these low alloy steels for equipment in sour service remains limited as their weldability is considered challenging. This paper aims at introducing an optimized chemical analysis based on material ASME SA-533 type E class 2. Test results on base metal and welded coupons will be described especially with respect to NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2. Corrosion tests in amine solution done on SA-533 type E class 2 and carbon steel ASME SA-516 Gradde 65 are also be provided that show the low alloy steel behaves at least as well as the reference carbon steel.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Strength Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51319-13161-SG

Author: Michael Dodge

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The high strength and corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium alloys such as Alloy 718 and nickel-iron-chromium alloys such as Alloys 945 and 945X make them particularly good candidates for use in demanding environments in the upstream oil and gas industry. These materials generally perform well where resistance to sulphide stress cracking and chloride stress corrosion cracking is required. However whilst these alloys are considered ‘NACE compliant' environmentally-assisted failures can still occur.It is generally accepted that for hydrogen cracks to initiate there must be a critical combination of stress susceptible microstructure and hydrogen concentration. In this project the effect of microstructure is explored by heat treating Alloy 718 945 and 945X to standard and non-standard conditions. Tensile specimens were slow-strain-rate-tested in air and under CP to explore sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. Finally the effect of a severe stress concentration in the form of a sharp notch was used to determine whether there is an enhanced susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement due to the presence of local stress raisers. The results are compared with tests undertaken by other authors under various hydrogen-charging conditions.

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The Effect of H2S Consumption on SSC Susceptibility of High Strength Wire Grades for Flexible Pipes

Product Number: 51319-13483-SG

Author: Merlin Bandeira

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Flexible pipes are widely used in offshore installations especially in Brazil to produce and export oil and gas. In order to guarantee safety operation in pre-salt fields without super estimate the field corrosiveness many efforts are dedicate to study the actual H2S concentration in the pipe annulus. The data presented in the literature point to a considerably lower H2S concentrations than those predicted based on traditional annulus permeation models. The consequences of these studies have direct impact on flexible pipes design suggesting the possibility to use lighter lower cost with good performance structures. However to specify correctly the armor wires is crucial to evaluate the corrosion resistance on annulus condition especially the stress corrosion cracking. The present study goal is to evaluate the corrosion performance of a range of flexible pipes armor wires considering susceptibility of SCC and HIC on laboratory simulated annulus condition. The laboratory tests were conceived to measure and compare pH H2S and Fe2+ concentration during the whole test period. The H2S flowrate was constant at 4 mL/min. All experiments were carried out at 30 oC 0.1 MPa using a gas mixture with 1% H2S in CO2. It was also controlled the ratio of liquid phase (synthetic seawater) and steel surface area (0.7 mL/cm2). The studied flow rate was 10-6 mL/min/cm2. A blank test without steel wires revealed that pH was stable at 4.9 and the maximal H2S concentration recorded was 20 ppm both after 150 h of test. On test simulating the annulus condition the pH was around 6.1 from 20 h of immersion until the end of the test (2000 h). The H2S concentration was always lower than 1 ppm and the Fe2+ concentration increased with immersion time up to 1200 ppm. Among the three high strength wire grades tested by four point bend test only one was susceptible to SCC under the conditions tested. Further studies will be presented concerning the HIC and microstructure influence on corrosion performance. The aim of this test program is to provide technical data to support future modifications on flexible pipe design with guarantee of good corrosion performance of armor wires.

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Statistics to Compare Alloy 718 Properties from Additive Manufactured and Newer Mill-Produced Bar Stocks

Product Number: 51319-12948-SG

Author: Manuel Marya

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Alloy 718 is a common oilfield material for permanent and service equipment in need of high-mechanical ratings and resistance to corrosion especially environmentally-assisted cracking in sour gas wells. In past decade Alloy 718 production from traditional and newer mills has greatly increased in response to global demands; independently yet driven by similar market growth additive manufacturing (AM) has expanded beyond rapid prototyping to become an industrial production process namely in the aerospace. Today 718 bar stocks as per API6CRA are produced by over a dozen mills worldwide;similarly 718 powder products are increasingly offered by both traditional and newer mills with intents to servea multitude ofAM technologies. Due to the rise of new economic forces in the O&G there are today needs for evaluating (ultimately qualifying) newer 718 producing mills as well as 718 powders in combination with various AM technologies. Due to concerns overraw-material properties a study was conducted to analyze 718 materials from these various origins utilizing (1) mill cert big-data analyses (2) third-party recertified mechanical test data (3) a multitude of sour service test results outside the traditional NACE MR0175/ISO15156 operational service limits among others. The later raw-material test implemented in the early 2010s for screening and qualification purposes aims at quantitatively comparing 718 production heats of various origins and with additive manufacturing also generating interests since the early 2010sthe same tests have also beenextended to determine how layer-by-layer deposited materials compare to bar stock materials.

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Systematic Approach toward Damage Mechanism Reviews and Mechanical Integrity Improvements for Ammonia Synthesis and Fertilizer Facilities

Product Number: 51323-19349-SG

Author: Michael Nugent, Daniel J. Benac, Sean Berg

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The use of Damage Mechanisms (DM’s) has been successfully developed and applied in the Oil Refining
industry for over 20 years. A damage mechanism is a specific combination of mechanical, chemical,
physical, or other processes that result in equipment degradation (piping or equipment) during operation
(active or shut down). These have been defined for Oil Refining (API RP 5711). API RP 571 is
supplemented with some similar and some specific individual damage mechanism, by technical reports, recommended practices, publications, and bulletins from API, as well as from the National Association of
Corrosion Engineers (NACE - now known as the Association for Materials Protection and Performance
or AMPP), and the Welding Research Council (WRC).

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Status of High Temperature Resistant Thermal Spray Nonskid Coatings Within the U.S. Navy

Product Number: 51217-079-SG

Author: John Wegand, Paul Slebodnick, James Tagert, Patrick Cassidy, Cameron Miller

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The U.S. Navy has determined that thermal spray coatings can be used as an alternative to traditional epoxy based nonskid coatings under high temperature applications to extend service life. Traditional nonskid coatings break down under the stresses leading to loss of adhesion, deck corrosion and reduced slip resistance. Using a twin-wire arc spray system, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) successfully applied an aluminum-based ceramic-metallic thermal spray material on the flight deck of USS Wasp (LHD 1).

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Case Analysis Of Electromagnetic Interference Of AC Substation On Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17517-SG

Author: Su Jin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A substation is a place where the power system converts voltage and current and receives and distributes electric energy. When a phase line is abnormally connected to another phase line or ground, a large amount of current will flow into the ground through the grounding bed of the substation. In such case, if metal structures exist such as buried pipelines near the substation, the pipelines often withstand serious electrical interference 1, which causes stray current corrosion of the pipelines 2 and other safety problems.

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NACE Publication 34101-2001-SG, Refinery Injection and Process Mixing Points

Product Number: 24215-SG

Publication Date: 2001

$109.00

The goal of this report is to help the reader develop an awareness of issues around refinery injections and to
convey basic understanding of key variables and design factors. This report is intended for use by process, mechanical, and materials and corrosion engineering and inspection personnel who design, install, operate, and
inspect refinery unit injection systems.

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Degradation of Aerospace Coatings Due to Combined Effects of Mechanical Loading and Environmental Exposure

Product Number: 51319-13127-SG

Author: Brandi Clark

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The most effective means to control atmospheric corrosion of aircraft is through the use of protective coatings. In addition to combating corrosion which represents a risk to the safe operation of an asset there are strong economic and environmental drivers to extend the service life of aerospace coatings. Repair and replacement of protective coatings that no longer meet performance requirements generate a significant volume of environmentally hazardous waste which includes the coating material media used for coating removal as well as the waste materials generated in surface preparation and reapplication of the coating system. Development and selection of durable coating systems have often been limited by the ability to produce service-relevant failures in accelerated laboratory tests. Existing accelerated test techniques do not adequately employ the chemical thermal or mechanical stressors that produce damage mechanisms such as coating cracking at structural discontinuities in airframes. Additionally individual coatings may be qualified separately rather than as part of a multi-layer system. As a result current test methods cannot be used for accurate quantification of coating performance and service life. In this work test methodologies previously described that employ combined environmental and mechanical loading are used to excite relevant failure modes of multi-layer systems such as coating cracking at sealant-filled lap joints. The kinetics of moisture ingress coating cracking and damage progression are quantified throughout static and dynamic mechanical tests performed under cyclic atmospheric conditions using in situ measurements of coating properties. It is observed that the coating barrier properties and cracking are dependent on stress temperature and humidity as well as the interaction effects of these parameters.

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Cobalt/Chromium Carbide Composite Coatings Applied By Brush Plating For Use As An Alternative To Hard Chrome

Product Number: 51322-18228-SG

Author: Joshua D. Thomas, Danijela Milosevic-Popovich

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the war on corrosion and wear, maintenance repair engineers will be hard pressed to find a plating material as strong as chrome. It has high hardness, high lubricity, low wear resistance, and maintains some of its hardness even after being exposed to high temperatures. However, there’s increasing pressure to find an alternative to this material due to the worker safety and environmental issues it presents. Regularly, hard chrome is electroplated where it is needed using a plating solution containing chromium trioxide. Chromium trioxide is registered with both REACH⁽¹⁾ and the EPA⁽²⁾ as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.

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Kinetics of Iron Dissolution: A New Approach for Modeling the Anodic Potentiodynamics Based on Transient Analysis

Product Number: 51323-19073-SG

Author: Mohiedin Bagheri Hariri, Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Although extensive research has been carried out on modeling the cathodic potentiodynamic sweep during the corrosion of iron/steel, previous studies have not been able to layout a systematic approach to mechanistically describe the kinetics and model anodic dissolution. This study offers some insights into the mechanistic modeling of electrochemical anodic reactions at different experimental conditions. For iron dissolution, there are two well-known mechanisms valid for strong acid solutions (pH ≤ 4) in the literature; namely, the “catalytic mechanism” proposed by Heusler et al., and the “consecutive mechanism” proposed by Bockris et al.

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51316-7065-Coating Deterioration-A Mechanistic Overview

Product Number: 51316-7065-SG

ISBN: 7065 2016 CP

Author: Ken Tator

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Corrosion protective coatings deteriorate for a number of reasons including insufficient surface preparation and deficient thickness. This paper discusses the mechanisms of failure and provides a technical overview regarding the deterioration aspects of coatings.

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Integrity Evaluation of Seventy Years Old Veteran Pipeline

Product Number: 51317--8961-SG

ISBN: 8961 2017 CP

Author: Mushaid Nauman

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Assessment of a 70-year old pipeline is carried out. This paper discusses the assessment challenges, inspection findings and recommendations given to keep this old offshore/onshore unpigable giant in service.

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