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3228 total products found.
Picture for On the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials Used in Drilling and Reservoir Characterization Applications
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On the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials Used in Drilling and Reservoir Characterization Applications

Product Number: 51324-20872-SG
Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper; Julia Ditmann; Sebastian Jesse
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Because of their versatility CrMn-stainless steels have become the most used structural materials in directional and while-drilling reservoir characterization tools. Nevertheless, pitting and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) are a major concern when these materials are subjected to high halide-containing water-based drilling fluids at elevated temperatures. Consequently, pitting corrosion resistance becomes a crucial property to guarantee operational reliability and integrity of drilling equipment. Indeed, nickel-stabilized austenitic stainless steels and super austenitic stainless steels with higher contents of chromium and molybdenum have been recently developed as alternatives in drilling operations involving harsh environments. In this study, the pitting and repassivation behavior of several grades used in drilling technology was investigated using electrochemical methods. The tests were conducted in brines with different pH-values at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 150 °C. Experimental results are compared to PREN-Mod and CPT-values as well as to results from ASTM G48 Method A. The experimental data provided in this paper demonstrates the lack of correlation between the real pitting resistance of most grades commonly used in drilling equipment in brines at elevated temperatures and the commonly used PREN-Mod values. In addition, the limited applicability of results from standardized test methodologies for predicting pitting susceptibility in service is confirmed. The discussed electrochemical results provide on the other hand a more suitable basis for defining criteria regarding materials selection in drilling technology.
Picture for Impact of Power System Design and Operating Conditions for AC Interference on Pipelines
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Impact of Power System Design and Operating Conditions for AC Interference on Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20926-SG
Author: Majid Siahrang; Kurt Bell; David Lewis
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Power system design and operating conditions have strong impacts on the AC interference levels on pipelines in joint-use corridors. Engineers analyzing the AC interference must understand when certain design and operating parameters are significant factors to the accuracy of the analysis. This paper discusses the impact of several transmission line design parameters including transmission structure design, phasing configuration, shielding design and parameters, line loadings, load unbalance, fault contribution, and more factors that affect recipient pipelines’ voltage in joint-use corridors. As each corridor has unique characteristics, understanding the significance of each power system variable promotes coordination between industries.
Picture for Understanding the Influence of Surface Condition on the Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of SLM718
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Understanding the Influence of Surface Condition on the Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of SLM718

Product Number: 51324-21234-SG
Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper; Nils Holzapfel; Wei Chen; Juan Carlos Flores
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a widely used additive manufacturing (AM) process, also for producing components using precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy 718 (UNS N07718). SLM has been largely accepted into many industries including oil and gas (O&G) with current research efforts focused on demonstrating materials performance in demanding applications including directional drilling and reservoir characterization tools. A broader applicability of additively manufactured UNS N07718 in such applications is currently conditioned by characterization efforts limited to corrosion testing on machined surfaces, which are not representative of the surface resulting from SLM process. The lack of understanding regarding the influence of as-printed surface conditions for UNS N07718 produced via SLM on fatigue and corrosion fatigue limits its applicability to the machined surface condition, thus negating benefits gained during the manufacturing process. In this research work, the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of additively manufactured UNS N07718 in as-printed conditions was investigated. Besides fatigue in air at ambient temperature, corrosion fatigue of SLM718 was tested in alkaline 5 M chloride-containing brines at 125 °C to simulate a typical drilling environment. Experimental results have shown that as-printed surfaces of SLM718 are significantly more prone to fatigue and corrosion fatigue compared to machined surfaces. Besides increased surface roughness the presence of near-surface defects typical of AM can be seen as the reason for the observed fatigue behavior.
Picture for Corrosion Monitoring System in the Port of Miami Tunnel
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Corrosion Monitoring System in the Port of Miami Tunnel

Product Number: 51324-21171-SG
Author: Adrian Steele; Samanbar Permeh; Kingsley Lau
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The design of the PortMiami Tunnel (PMT) utilizes segmental reinforced concrete lining panels. Early corrosion initiation is expected to be mitigated by the specification of low permeability ternary-blend concrete and minimum three-inch clear cover, but there is uncertainty in the long-term corrosion and materials durability (particularly considering its ambitious 150 year design life) and uncertainty of the extent of possible loss of concrete integrity of the structure at extended times. Therefore, interest lies in continual long term corrosion monitoring of the tunnel panels. The objectives of this testing program are to provide information on the panels that may indicate possible early corrosion development in key areas of the tunnel and to provide field data to supplement laboratory testing to provide recommendations for best practices addressing corrosion prevention and mitigation for submerged structures. The findings from corrosion monitoring for over 10 years of service are presented.
Picture for Learning from Failure: The Key to Advancements in Metallurgy and Corrosion
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Learning from Failure: The Key to Advancements in Metallurgy and Corrosion

Product Number: 51324-21152-SG
Author: Anil Kumar Chikkam; Aaron Ulmer; Edward Larkin; Mehrooz Zamanzadeh
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In the field of metallurgy and corrosion, it is of paramount importance to acknowledge that no failure should ever be underestimated or dismissed as trivial. Each failure carries its own unique narrative and offers invaluable insights into the underlying causes and potential risks. This paper emphasizes the utmost significance of understanding and analyzing metallurgical failures, irrespective of their perceived severity. By meticulously examining every failure as an individual case, substantial lessons can be derived, leading to advancements in designs, materials, and manufacturing processes. Through meticulous investigations and the application of failure analysis techniques, the intricate stories concealed within each failure can be unraveled. These comprehensive analyses provide crucial information for identifying root causes and establishing preventive measures. The paper presents compelling case studies that exemplify the consequences arising from insufficient knowledge on material selection, neglecting stress raisers, mishandling of materials, and the absence of robust inspection plans. These failures range from production losses to fatal incidents, underscoring the criticality of learning from past experiences and implementing proactive measures to avert such occurrences.
Picture for Comparison of the Corrosion Performance of the As-Printed Surface of SLM 316L to Bulk Material and Wrought Counterpart
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Comparison of the Corrosion Performance of the As-Printed Surface of SLM 316L to Bulk Material and Wrought Counterpart

Product Number: 51324-20994-SG
Author: Reece Goldsberry; Raymundo Case; Bilal Mansoor; Homero Castaneda
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The effect of laser power on the surface finish and corrosion resistance of as-printed selective laser melted 316L was studied. As-printed surface quality and corrosion response compared to wrought 316L and bulk printed material. The surface quality of the as-printed samples was measured through surface topography and high-resolution techniques. The corrosion resistance was measured using AC and DC electrochemical techniques. The as-printed samples displayed two breakdown stages during polarization. Transpassive behavior occurred at lower potentials, followed by a complete breakdown potential that was near the breakdown potential of the bulk SLM material. The polarization resistance measured from equivalent circuits was very similar to the values obtained for wrought and bulk SLM material.
Picture for CerMet Coatings for Brake Discs
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CerMet Coatings for Brake Discs

Product Number: 51324-21019-SG
Author: Alessandro Piglione; Nicola Nocera; Simone Biondo; Andrea Bonfanti; Alessandro Mancini
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
CerMet coatings for brake discs are considered a most promising technological solution to reduce brake particle emissions. In this work, two CerMet coatings, fabricated using either laser metal deposition (LMD) or high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying, are deposited onto full-scale brake discs and extensively characterised. It is shown that both coatings lead to marked improvements in surface hardness and corrosion resistance compared to conventional uncoated grey cast iron brake discs. In addition, both coatings are shown to induce significant reductions in particle emission levels as measured via specific brake tests on dynamometric benches. This study therefore demonstrates that CerMet coatings represent a valuable solution to reduce brake particle emissions, while increasing the expected service life of brake discs via a combination of enhanced wear and corrosion resistance.
Picture for Interference Study between a Solar Array Power Station and a Transmission Pipeline
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Interference Study between a Solar Array Power Station and a Transmission Pipeline

Product Number: 51324-21051-SG
Author: Andres Peratta; Cristina Peratta; John Baynham; Nora Villamizar Piñeros; Didier Lozano Abril
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
It is nowadays becoming increasingly common for new onshore structures and electrification systems to be installed in close vicinity to existing underground pipelines already equipped with their own CP and earthing systems. The problem with sharing common right of way between different structures is that their different earthing and CP systems are likely to interfere with each other. The coupling may reduce the performance of the individual designs or lead to major problems such as stray currents or shielding effects. Numerical modelling of these types of scenarios allows identifying such problems in advance, gaining understanding on the nature of the interference, and evaluating possible mitigation strategies. In this work the impact of constructing a solar power station across a set of transmission pipelines is investigated. The pipelines are protected by an ICCP system. The solar array includes galvanized piles and copper earthing system. The territory is mainly composed of clays or muds with flat and slightly undulating shapes with average resistivities in the order of 900 O-cm. Simulation results are presented showing the status of the pipelines before and after the solar array is constructed, as well as the solar array considering that the pipeline does not exist. The results show that the solar array piles and earthing system have measurable effects on the CP potentials on the pipeline.
Picture for Assessment of Ammonium Chloride Corrosion in Refinery Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Conditions
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Assessment of Ammonium Chloride Corrosion in Refinery Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Conditions

Product Number: 51324-21131-SG
Author: H. Li; Y. Yoon; Russell D. Kane
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The corrosion in crude unit overhead systems, specifically related to acidic attack and under-deposit corrosion caused by salt formation, has been extensively documented in both industry and literature. However, the absence of comprehensive corrosion data correlating critical environmental and flow variables has posed challenges in evaluating corrosion and selecting appropriate materials. To address this issue, a Joint Industry Program (JIP) was conducted with the primary objective of generating engineering data on the corrosion behavior of commonly used construction materials in atmospheric overhead systems of refinery crude distillation units (CDU-OH). The study focused on investigating the effects of HCl, NH3, NH4Cl, H2O, and H2S in the presence of ammonium chloride, aiming to identify key parameters associated with three prevalent forms of corrosion: under-deposit, water dew point, and aqueous corrosion. Through meticulous thermodynamic modeling and corrosion evaluations performed in simulated environments that accurately represented relevant conditions, the impact of these key parameters on the corrosion of six frequently used materials of construction—namely, carbon steel, 410 stainless steel, Alloy 400, Titanium, Alloy 625, and Alloy C-276—was rigorously evaluated. The corrosion rates of these materials under various test conditions were quantified, leading to the development of a corrosion prediction model. This model serves as a valuable tool for determining conditions for ammonium chloride-induced corrosion in CDU-OH systems, aiding in the assessment and decision-making processes pertaining to material selection.
Picture for Comprehensive Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) Management for Cryogenic Service: A Facility-Specific Approach with Broad Industry Implications
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Comprehensive Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) Management for Cryogenic Service: A Facility-Specific Approach with Broad Industry Implications

Product Number: 51324-21071-SG
Author: Abdullah M. Alratoee; Ricardo S. Costa; Meshary A. Al-Bahli; Faisal M. Al-Mutahhar; Mohamed A. Ahmed
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In the realm of corrosion management, corrosion under insulation (CUI) poses significant challenges, particularly for facilities operating in cryogenic service. A comprehensive approach to understanding and mitigating CUI risks is crucial for ensuring asset integrity, safety, and operational efficiency. This paper presents an in-depth case study of a natural gas liquids (NGL) fractionation facility, demonstrating the successful implementation of a holistic CUI management strategy applicable to a broader industry context. Notably, the facility has faced unique challenges, as some circuits have not been shut down or inspected for the past 40 years. The paper details the extensive work carried out, encompassing risk mapping, mitigation strategies, inspection planning and prioritization, and repair planning. By adopting a systematic approach, the study effectively identifies and addresses CUI risks in the facility's cryogenic service operations. The results of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on CUI management in cryogenic service, offering a recommended path forward for the industry to tackle CUI-related issues. By showcasing a comprehensive and adaptable approach, this paper holds great potential to foster increased safety, reliability, and efficiency in the corrosion industry, paving the way for future research and collaboration.
Picture for Pitfalls in the Typical RBI Methodology for CUI Management Programs
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Pitfalls in the Typical RBI Methodology for CUI Management Programs

Product Number: 51324-20894-SG
Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Joel Chapman; Touqeer Sohail; Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari; Graham Brigham
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Modern-day risk-based inspection (RBI) platforms are designed to evaluate the safety and/or financial risk of assets using industry-recommended RBI methodologies (e.g., API 581). There are cases where the RBI methodology does not represent the true risk profile of the asset, despite implementing the best possible inspection programs and careful input of inspection data. One of the main pitfalls present is the inherent limitation in the risk calculation methodologies that makes no or little use of the inspection data. An example of such a situation is the CUI risk assessments that are subjected to uncertainties due to numerous scientific parameters that are partially addressed (or even unaddressed) in modern-day RBI approaches. This work addresses two case studies of external corrosion rates due to CUI for two pairs of test rigs made with small bore piping deployed with two different insulation designs, namely conventional design, and moisture egress design. The assemblies were tested using two different methods for CUI simulation and testing conditions. The first pair was tested per ASTM G189-07 under isothermal wet-dry conditions at 100 °C (212°F) for three days, while the second pair was submerged under water for two days followed by outdoor exposure for one year. The experimentally determined corrosion rates were compared to those calculated using API 581-compliant RBI software. The comparisons of resulting corrosion rates are complemented by an explanation of the deviations and pitfalls.
Picture for Comparison of Two ASTM E1820 Standard Fracture Toughness Test Methods for LAS Material in Deaerated Saltwater under Cathodic Protection
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Comparison of Two ASTM E1820 Standard Fracture Toughness Test Methods for LAS Material in Deaerated Saltwater under Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51324-21094-SG
Author: Arshad B Gavanluei; Joseph Wilhelmi; Paul Bunch; Matt Vaclavik; Fokion Oikonomidis
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Low alloy steels (LAS), frequently used for pressure-containing equipment in subsea applications, are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement when exposed to seawater environments under cathodic protection (CP), which can result in a reduction of toughness and ductility. Fracture toughness, which is an indication of a material’s resistance to crack propagation and unstable crack growth, is often determined from laboratory tests for design verification analysis or fitness-for-service applications. In hydrogen charging environments such as deaerated saltwater under CP, the fracture toughness is typically measured using either an unloading compliance (UC) or a rising displacement DCPD test method, both of which are described for air testing in the current ASTM E1820 standard. In this study, slow load rate fracture toughness tests on compact tension C(T) specimens using both test methods on the same heat of material are performed and compared. The tests are performed in a deaerated saltwater under CP environment using the same targeted K-rate of 0.005N/mm3/2/s. The UC test method is performed with a clip gauge for load-line displacement (LLD) and in-situ crack depth measurement, and the rising displacement DCPD test method infers LLD indirectly and uses DCPD for crack depth prediction. A comparison of the test results indicated a 35-65% increase in the calculated ???????? fracture toughness of the material when using the rising displacement DCPD test method.

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