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Pressurized Atlas Cell Testing is commonly understood to be an aggressive accelerated test for lining systems due the combination of pressure, temperature and a thermal gradient across the coating film known as the Cold Wall Effect. This is especially true when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is added to the gas phase, as CO2 is miscible with oil and soluble in water. A familiar gas mix of 5% CO2, 5% Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and 90% Methane (CH4) are used in test protocols to simulate head space conditions of tanks and pressure vessels in oil and gas production conditions.
Accident scenarios, such as a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), subject claddings to rapid thermal transients, internal loading, and a high temperature steam environment. Understanding cladding behavior in this dynamic setting allows for better assessment of safety concerns such as coolant flow blockage and fuel relocation and dispersal. Improvement in model predictability and multi-physics fuel performance codes such as BISON are at the forefront of cladding related research. Particularly, efforts aim at addressing model accuracy to support burnup extension and increases in fuel cycle lengths.
In the early 1900’s, a small community in the mountains of western Maryland, installed two potable water tanks that were open top and below grade. Over the years, they began leaking water into the basements of nearby residences, so several upgrades to the tanks were planned. The upgrades included the addition of metal dome roofs, electronic security systems with fencing, and a waterproof lining system. Contractors were invited to view the facility and bid the lining system while the tanks were still in service – first mistake