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The required electrical power in the United States has led the utilities and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to evaluate second license renewals for operating light-water reactors, and some extensions have already been reviewed for extended operation to 80 years. As these plants were licensed to operate for 40 years with options for additional 20 year extensions, the extended operation raised questions in terms of materials performance under extreme conditions and extended time. The effects of prolonged irradiation must be understood and evaluated to predict and ensure the reliability of plant components.
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Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a phenomenon caused by neutron irradiation of austenitic stainless steels (SSs). The crack growth rates (CGRs) of IASCC for boiling water reactor (BWR) components are needed for assessments to ensure component integrity. The CGR formula has been proposed as a function of the stress intensity factor (K).
The interaction of metals and alloys with aqueous environments is ubiquitous, leading to oxide formation (passivity) or corrosion in many cases. Although these phenomena have significant importance across various industries and domains of materials science, the fundamental atomic-scale mechanisms by which corrosion and oxide formation operate are still unclear. Oxide films can have complex chemistry and texture, especially at the metal-oxide interface which acts as the primary barrier from solution interaction. The Zr-H2O system has industrial and academic interest due to its use in nuclear reactors.
Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) continues to be a major concern for thestructural integrity of core internals in both pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling waterreactor (BWRs). While factors such as stress, an irradiated microstructure and a high temperaturewater environment are required for IASCC, a better understanding of the underlying mechanismhas become a subject of intense long-term research. In the last two decades, much progress hasbeen made in understanding IASCC susceptibility, though a clear cause-and-effect has yet to beestablished on the mechanism of intergranular cracking in highly neutron irradiated stainless steelsin the PWR environment.
Austenitic stainless steels (AuSS) are widely used as structural materials for nuclear reactor vessel internals (RVIs), as well as for fuel cladding and pressurizer components. Some of these components cannot be removed and replaced, and therefore the irradiation performance of the steel determines the lifetime of each reactor component. Typical irradiation-induced detrimental effects in light water-cooled power reactors include embrittlement, accelerated creep, and radiation-altered corrosion. Some second-order effects such as void swelling, hydrogen accumulation, and radiation-induced phase instability might be slowly evolving to first-order importance, especially as Western nuclear power plants are being considered for lifetime extensions to 60 and possibly 80 total years.