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A review of erosion guidelines for allowable production rates is presented and improvements in choosing American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 14E C-factors are proposed to mitigate erosion that permits higher oil production rates yet keeps erosion rates at acceptable levels.
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An approach for using Computational Fluid Dynamics in combination with existing corrosion models to calculate corrosion rate. Effect of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, temperature, and Reynolds number on ionic species’ flux to the pipe surface was investigated.
Erosion, a mechanical process during which material is removed from the pipelines and other flow-containing equipment, can occur when solid particles such as sand are carried by the flow. Erosion is more critical when there is a change in the flow direction, such as particle-laden flows in elbows and tees.
While experimentation is a possible approach to obtain erosion rates, the conditions under which tests could be performed are limited in some respects.
A significant portion of global energy demand is met using coal. Even with developing interest in other energy sources, use of coal to generate electricity is expected to remain steady due to overall rising global electricity needs. Most applications for coal combustion electricity generation utilize pulverized coal (PC) as the fuel.
Erosion of piping systems is a significant issue for many operators of hydrocarbon infrastructure causing a significant loss in revenue and an increase in installations, repair and maintenance costs. Currently, the use of erosion resistant coatings, reduction of flow rates and replacement/repair are the only mitigation controls against erosion. INTECSEA has been developing a novel Erosion Control Technology (ECT) that can reduce the impact of erosion on piping via the strategic placement of custom engineered inserts into the product stream. The two phases of ECT prototype testing under real-field multiphase conditions representing gas condensate fields have been performed at the E/CRC (The University of Tulsa). The superficial gas velocity (VSG) was varied from 31 m/s to 23 m/s with the superficial liquid velocity (VSL) fixed at 0.04 m/s and the sand particles were varied from 300 μm to 75 μm. The metal loss due to erosion was monitored using a set of UT probes in two consecutive elbows spaced 11D apart oriented in a vertical-horizontal loop. The erosion tests using prototype ECT inserts have shown a significant reduction in erosion at both the gas flow conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been a backbone in developing this technology and CFD results have shown good correlation with the physical tests. Discussions with leading operators for a field trial targeted for 2020 is ongoing.