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Currently, a number of fracture mechanics-based methods are available for crack assessment. In this paper, a critical review is given to failure assessment diagram (FAD), in particular the API 579-2000 fracture mechanics assessment method for crack-like flaws. Illustrations, arranged by applicability to field examples, demonstrate the approach.
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A recent pre-1970 ERW Pipe Seam Weld Failure incident is presented. The investigation combines metallurgical and fractographic analysis, fracture mechanics testing, and failure analysis diagram to determine the origin and nature.
Determining the resistance of high-Cr Ni-base Alloy 690 to environmental degradation during long-term pressurized water reactor (PWR) exposure is needed to confirm its viability as the replacement material for Alloy 600 and help establish a quantitative factor of improvement for stress corrosion crack (SCC) initiation. SCC initiation testing on cold-worked (CW) Alloy 600 materials in PWR primary water has demonstrated that intergranular (IG) attack is the precursor to SCC initiation in this material. In comparison, an equivalent degradation and cracking process does not exist in CW Alloy 690.
In this work, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 and X100 pipe steels under various cathodic protection (CP) levels in near-neutral pH environment was investigated. The results showed that X100 tended to form longer SCC cracks compared to X80 steel.
Stress corrosion crack initiation of two thermally-treated, cold-worked UNS N06690 materials was investigated in 360 ºC simulated primary water using constant load tensile tests and blunt notch compact tension tests equipped with direct current potential drop for in-situ detection of cracking.
Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) continues to be a major concern for thestructural integrity of core internals in both pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling waterreactor (BWRs). While factors such as stress, an irradiated microstructure and a high temperaturewater environment are required for IASCC, a better understanding of the underlying mechanismhas become a subject of intense long-term research. In the last two decades, much progress hasbeen made in understanding IASCC susceptibility, though a clear cause-and-effect has yet to beestablished on the mechanism of intergranular cracking in highly neutron irradiated stainless steelsin the PWR environment.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation and growth rate testing was performed using Alloy A-286, a high-strength iron-base alloy, to evaluate for possible differences in response in boric acid solutions containing KOH vs. LiOH. PWRs are considering a switch from LiOH to KOH because of the uncertain future availability and high cost of Li. To achieve the same pH at temperature (pHT) in typical PWR primary water, the same molar concentration of Li and K is needed. The atomic weight of K is 39.1, which is 5.63 higher than the atomic weight of Li at 6.94, so 1 ppm Li yields the same pHT as 5.63 ppm K. The conductivity differs somewhat because of difference in the mobility of Li+ and K+.