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The cathodic protection (CP) system of an offshore complex was modeled using boundary element analysis. Results of the simulation were validated against existing inspection data and used to optimize the established CP inspection program.
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Case histories where throttling down the cathodic protection was evaluated to determine the impact on reducing the AC corrosion threat. Includes the use of fast-response electrical resistance corrosion rate probe monitoring technology.
This paper investigates resistance through the electrolyte between the anode surfaces and the surfaces of the cathode, using techniques which include polarisation effects on the cathode surfaces.
This paper expands on this work by first reviewing the basis for utilizing Monte Carlo simulation to predict future corrosion in fixed equipment.
Assessing the corrosion degradation of aboveground tank bottom plates is a critical challenge for the industry. Internal inspections are a useful way of assessing the integrity of assets but might severely impact normal plant operation. In 2006, Chang et al. conducted a study on storage tank accidents and concluded that 74% of reported accidents occurred in petrochemical refineries, and 85% of them had caused fire and explosions.
Sulfur and acidic impurities in crude oils pose serious hot oil corrosion problems in crude distillation units (CDU) and associated vacuum distillation units (VDU), especially with the increase in processing of lowquality, opportunity crudes.1-4 In the range of 200-400˚C, reactive sulfur compounds cause sulfidation corrosion of ferritic carbon and chrome steels in CDU, VDU, and front ends of downstream units operating at hot oil temperatures.5-7 Over the same temperature range, naturally occurring carboxylic acids in crudes can be so aggressive that higher alloy, austenitic stainless steels containing >2.5% Mo are required for processing high acid oils.8-11 Although sulfidation and acid corrosion occur over the same temperature range, they differ in two significant ways. Sulfidation forms an iron sulfide solid that is semiresistant to further corrosion and relatively insensitive to flow velocity. Acids form oil soluble organic salts that can be washed away especially in areas of high turbulence.12-14
The work here is the culmination of many years of prior effort in the development of an atmospheric corrosion model and accompanying sensors. Atmospheric corrosion is a complicated process where many factors interact to determine if it occurs and its severity. These factors can be separated intothree general categories: environmental, surface salts, and materials.
The work here is the culmination of many years of prior effort in the development of an atmospheric corrosion model and accompanying sensors. Atmospheric corrosion is a complicated process where many factors interact to determine if it occurs and its severity. These factors can be separated into three general categories: environmental, surface salts, and materials.
This paper presents a technical case study for an assessment approximating the remaining strength of an abandoned pipeline subject to long term corrosion degradation, considering both general metal loss, and randomized pitting and perforation growth.
Safe and stable operation of the process plant through its life cycle is an ultimate target of any integrity management system. Over the last decades, a number of possible ways and systems for managing plant integrity were described and implemented.1-4 A common path for all those efforts was to control and manage corrosion processes in a more-or-less systematic way by applying certain measures (monitoring techniques, material selection guidelines, operating procedures etc.) and performance indicators (remaining time-to-failure, inhibitor usage etc.). An effective corrosion and integrity management system, in theory, should be capable to “uncover” excessive corrosion incidents before serious damage occurs. Unfortunately, unexpected corrosion-related failures are still occurring in the petroleum industry.5 This situation stems predominantly from relatively poor data organization and management, leaving corrosion and key process information spread and hidden across different refinery functions and systems.
Analytical solutions of the potential profile of several pipelines in the same right of way (ROW) are coupled with analytical solutions of cathodic protection (CP) groundbeds and modeled in 3-D.
According to the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) in Norway, corrosion under insulation (CUI) caused about 50% of all hydrocarbon leaks at onshore plants. In the case of Alberta’s oil sands, CUI has also been observed in thermal operations in above ground assets carrying emulsions, steam, hot water and/or warm water that are externally insulated to ensure safe and energy efficient operations. CUI has also been observed in oil sands mining operations in various piping systems and in tanks and vessels on structural supports and insulated support rings that are frequently in contact with soil or standing groundwater.