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X-Ray diffraction shows that - with hot or cold straightening - there is still a significant amount residual stresses existing in OCTG pipe bodies. A formula was proposed to include the effect of residual stress on determining the sour cracking resistance.
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Martensitic stainless steels for OCTG materials are widely used in sweet and mild sour conditions. Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) is a major corrosion-related issue when using stainless steels as OCTG materials. The EAC in specific oil/gas well conditions with sour environments is defined as sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The SSC is a type of cracking caused by hydrogen embrittlement, which is attributed to a cathodic reaction under acidic conditions, while SCC is associated with an anodic reaction. SSC testing for martensitic stainless steels for OCTG material is often carried out at or near ambient temperature under conditions simulating condensed water, and SCC tests are conducted at higher temperatures under conditions simulating formation water and/or the brine availability test.
In China, some underground gas storages (UGS) would be built to reserve the gaseous coal gas (CO, H2, CO2, H2O, etc.). Gaseous hydrogen induced hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and CO2 corrosion could possess great threat to the safety of OCTG in UGS. Fitness-for-purpose research of OCTG materials is urgently expected to screen out the suitable material for tubing application in UGS.HE resistance and CO2 corrosion of OCTG materials (C110, 3Cr-90S, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S) were investigated by slow strain rate testing and weight loss tests in UGS environments containing CO2 and H2. SSRT results show that both elongation ratio and reduction in area ratio of C110, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S were more than 80%, except for 3Cr-90S. In addition, 3Cr-90S and 13Cr-110 tested in H2/CO2 environments possessed embrittled regions and secondary cracks, respectively. Weight loss test results show that C110 and 3Cr-90S exhibited high corrosion rates, which were classified as severe corrosion followed by qualitative categorization of corrosion rates for oil production systems in NACE RP0775. For stainless steels (13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S), the corrosion rates were very low (low corrosion). Combined with the above results, 13Cr-110S could be the suitable OCTG material for UGS containing gaseous coal gas.
More and more High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) sour wells are operated worldwide. Challenging material selection is required for such severe operating conditions.1,2 Very high strength materials, presenting yield strength above 896 MPa (130 ksi), are required for sustaining the pressure. Consequently, even a low amount of H2S in the gas phase may lead to a H2S partial pressure beyond the limit of 3.5 mbar (0.05 psi) established in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 standard.3 Indeed, both high yield strengths and partial pressures of H2S contribute to a situation where the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is high. The present paper is focusing on the SSC resistance of 130 ksi minimum yield strength material developed for covering such HPHT applications.