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Solid particle erosion is one of the key issues affecting operational reliability and the cost of tools and equipment in the oil and gas industry. In a particular erosive environment, the extent to which erosion occurs depends on many factors, such as flow conditions, fluid properties, wall material, and particle properties. As a result, it is difficult to investigate the effects of all of these factors using experimental methods. One comprehensive alternative, however, is to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can provide the analyst with a great deal of information about the phenomenon, such as where erosion occurs as well as its severity. Of course, when using any CFD-based erosion prediction method, care must be taken when selecting appropriate meshing practices, solution parameters, and sub-models. Best practices and guidelines for solid particle erosion modeling using CFD are described. In addition to discussing many parameters that should be considered when using CFD to predict solid particle erosion, the effects of many of these parameters and sub-models within the CFD codes are also discussed with several examples comparing CFD results to available experimental data. This paper can serve as a first step toward developing a comprehensive guideline for the industrial modeling of erosion phenomena and to help engineers improve the accuracy of erosion wear predictions.
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Proper surface preparation to create sufficient adhesion of a coating over the substrate is fundamentally important in the long-life performance of a protective coating. Abrasive blast cleaning provides a fast and well-established method of surface preparation, which utilizes energy generated by an air supply to deliver a mass of abrasive particles at certain speeds and volumes to impact the steel resulting in a cleaned surface. The method not only cleans the surface to remove rust, scale, paint, and similar contaminations, but also roughens the surface to produce mechanical and chemical adhesion for a coating. Therefore, abrasive blasting is the preferred method for preparing steel for the application of high-performance coatings and routinely used for achieving the required surface conditions prior to a coating work.
Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) of nickel-base alloys has been observed in the primary coolant of light water reactors (LWRs). One of the main issues is primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of Alloy 182 which has been a concern for a long time. For assumed or existing defects, disposition curves (crack growth rate as function of stress intensity factor) are available.
Duplex stainless steel is widely used in Brazilian offshore pipelines since the pre-salt environment is under high corrosion scenario. Welding processes are often used in applications involving this steel. However, in general, welding imposes a reduction in the corrosion resistance of stainless steels.