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Watermain failures are not often recognized as corrosion but are usually referred to merely as “watermain breaks” because watermain pipe appears sound prior to failure. Some of the causes of watermain breaks are poor design, improper installation, surge or water hammer, soil movement, manufacturing defects, impact, internal corrosion, and external corrosion. Figure 1 shows some of the possible causes of the DI pipe.
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Low alloy steels are one of the most commonly used material systems in oil and gas fields as they can be heat treated to appropriate strength levels including higher strengths such as 758 MPa (110 ksi) and 862 MPa (125 ksi) minimum yield strength while providing economical solutions for various oilfield conditions. Higher hardenability of low alloy steels is an important factor to ensure proper heat treatment to higher strength levels and this is typically achieved by addition of elements such as Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) etc. in the alloy chemistry. It is also essential to ensure adequate toughness in these high strength steels to reduce risk of brittle fracture. Increasing Ni content in the chemistry of low alloy steel can provide increased hardenability while maintaining good toughness when heat treated to high strengths. However the guidelines of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2 currently restrict the maximum Ni content to 1% mass fraction and in general recommend use of Cr-Mo type low alloy steels such as 41XX series in sour (H2S) service. This has generally led to exclusion of low alloy steels containing higher Ni such as 43XX series in sour service. In this paper an effort is made to evaluate the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of common grades of Cr-Mo and Ni-Cr-Mo steels heat treated to high strength using NACE TM0177 Method A testing. This would also assist when comparing the cracking resistance of high strength low alloy steels with greater than 1% mass fraction Ni content to those which are within this limit.Keywords: high strength low alloy steel Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo sulfide stress cracking (SSC) 1% Nickel content
Exterior surface coatings and cathodic protection in nuclear power plant structures, systems, and components during construction & maintenance. Selection and evaluation of these systems. E-BOOK
The performance of titanium mixed metal oxide (MMO-Ti) anodes — provided by five global vendors — targeted for coke breeze backfilled soil impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) applications, was investigated in this study. The time to failure of the MMO anodes was measured in accordance with NACE TM0-108. Accelerated lifetime testing was performed on MMO anodes to measure sample durability and to adequately meet the current density design requirement (0.06A/cm2). The anodes were immersed in 1M sulfuric acid under varying current densities (1A/cm2, 1.4A/cm2 and 2A/cm2) under controlled temperature, until the samples lost their electro-catalytic properties. The results measured at 1A/cm2 illustrated that time to failure of the tested anodes ranged from 10 days to more than 90 days. While conducting the same test at 1.4A/cm2, time to failure of MMO anodes was reduced to a range of 13 days to a little over 30 days yielding results of anode ranking consistent with those measured at 1A/cm2. Therefore, for the sake of time, the optimum applied accelerated current density was recommended to be 1.4 A/cm2 for Ru/Ta MMO anodes, to push them to their limits at a faster rate in a shorter time.
This paper shows the results of the stress corrosion cracking evaluation of two different austenitic corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs), N08028 and N08825 under different conditions of temperature and pressure of H2S and CO2.
Super martensitic stainless steel (13Cr-5Ni-2Mo) provides high strength and CO2 resistance. It can be used at high temperature up to 180°C/356°F in high chloride environment. When the well temperature is above 180°C/356°F, Duplex grades 22-5-3 or Super Duplex 25-7-4 grades are commonly selected as per API 5CRA standard. A new proprietary grade chemistry has been developed to provide improved strength up to 125ksi and higher pitting resistance while maintaining a tempered martensitic microstructure with low delta ferrite content and no detrimental phases or precipitates. Improvement of pitting resistance has been assessed through cyclic polarization curves. Higher sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were assessed through NACE(1) TM 0177 method A 1 at ambient and high temperature. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations provide deep knowledge about passive film compositions underlining the beneficial effect of higher Mo within the grade. This paper presents the benefit of the improved chemistry on sweet corrosion and sulfide stress cracking in severe downhole environment. It summarizes the effect of different parameters in both production and shut-in conditions to be considered to select cost effective material.