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3228 total products found.
Picture for Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor
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Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor

Product Number: 51324-20729-SG
Author: Bingtao Li; Vinay Deodeshmukh; Lee M. Pike
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Water vapor has significant effects on high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys, especially on chromia-forming alloys due to oxidative evaporation of chromia scale. The objectives of this work are to study high temperature oxidation behaviors of commercial high temperature alloys, including seven chromia-formers, such as N06230, R30188, N08120, N06002, N06625, N06617, S34700, and three alumina-formers, such as N07214, NiCoCrMoAl, NiFeCrAl, at the temperatures from 760 to 1093°C (1400 to 2000°F) for up to one year exposure in the air atmospheres containing (5-30)% water vapor. The effects of water vapor content, temperature, heating/cooling condition, and alloy composition were analyzed from the results of metal loss and internal oxidation penetration, along with comparison with their oxidation behaviors tested in air without water vapor addition. The study shows, in general, water vapor could accelerate oxidation attack, and higher water vapor contents could cause more oxidation attack. However, high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys will depend on multiple factors that need to be considered, especially when comparing oxidation results generated under different testing conditions.
Picture for Challenges and Insights behind Qualifying a Protective Coating as a Corrosion under Insulation Preventive Coating
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Challenges and Insights behind Qualifying a Protective Coating as a Corrosion under Insulation Preventive Coating

Product Number: 51324-20774-SG
Author: Jenny Natalie Manvik; Anders W. B. Skilbred; Sondre Volden; Svein Jacob Kaspersen
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) poses a severe threat to many industries operating at elevated temperatures. One of the most used and most cost-effective methods to mitigate and prevent CUI is by the use of organic coatings. In the last decades the importance of CUI-preventive coatings has increased greatly, and standards for testing these coatings have been published and discussed. At the end of 2018 the ISO 19277 standard was published, forming the first internationally accepted standard for testing and qualifying coating systems for CUI protection. Over the last years an extensive amount of testing has been performed to test and qualify coating systems, but also to provide insight and knowledge about the correlations and differences between various CUI test methods. In this paper, we will present a variety of test results to show how complex it is to qualify coatings to prevent CUI occurring. How do we use the library of results we now have? What does it tell us about real life? Do the various standards give the same conclusions based on the results? Some questions will be answered, and some will be left open.
Picture for Redefining Conventional, with Biobased Alternatives
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Redefining Conventional, with Biobased Alternatives

Product Number: 51324-20797-SG
Author: Luke Stone; Lisa Marston
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Corrosion mitigation is fundamentally a practice of material stewardship, it prolongs service life and safety of both equipment and infrastructure. Conventional corrosion mitigation techniques often diminish these benefits by sourcing and employing harmful chemicals. However, there are alternatives; green chemistries are being utilized in corrosion mitigation techniques, from rust preventatives made with renewable feedstocks and those certified Biobased by the USDA BioPreferred Program, to environmentally friendly disposal pathways. With thoughtful designs, Circular Economy principles can be incorporated into the field of corrosion management. In this paper, a range of corrosion management products, and case histories of their successful adoption will be presented. Some highlights include: The replacement of a solvent-based rust preventative (RP) with a biobased and water-based RP, the use of a canola-oil based rust preventative as a long-term protection solution at a major automotive firm, as well as the use of a biobased vapor-phase corrosion preventative which replaces traditional petroleum-based foam.
Picture for Deployment of Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Assessment to Extend Turnaround and Inspection (T&I) Cycle of Crude Distillation Unit
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Deployment of Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Assessment to Extend Turnaround and Inspection (T&I) Cycle of Crude Distillation Unit

Product Number: 51324-20836-SG
Author: Muhammed H Lutfallah; Kevin Galera; Maria G Faraj; Gener Guerrero; Mohannad A Alismail
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In the refining industry, the Turnaround and Inspection (T&I) of processing plants has implications on the financial side and supply chain operations. Owner-operators have deployed different inspections and integrity management solutions to assess condition of plant equipment and explore opportunities for reducing downtime and deferral of the internal inspection. One of those solutions is Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) assessment, which is widely used to identify corrosion damage mechanisms, assess plant equipment condition, establish risk level and provide mitigation measures to the identified risks and qualify turnaround deferrals. This paper will describe the results of the Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) assessment performed on a Crude Distillation Plant. It will discuss the RBI methodology used in the assessment, corrosion damage mechanisms identified, risk drivers, and the recommendations made along with implemented inspection strategy and Non-Intrusive Inspection (NII) technologies to mitigate risks associated with identified damage mechanisms. The outcome of the assessment enabled safe and reliable 2-year deferral of the plant T&I while maximizing the facility utilization.
Picture for Do's and Don'ts of Greenfield Pressure Systems Integrity Program Development
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Do's and Don'ts of Greenfield Pressure Systems Integrity Program Development

Product Number: 51324-20861-SG
Author: Adam Haavisto
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Greenfield pressure system integrity program development provides unique opportunities and challenges for an asset's inspection program. As new projects become more complex and a global effort, a well-tuned integrity program provides significant risk reduction and quality checks against the design. This paper is intended to help managers and asset owners optimize their greenfield integrity program to identify new risks while providing cost effective programs. The paper will discuss the optimal time to start their program development, who should be involved, how you can integrate design and operation teams, and be provide additional value-added reasons to have an integrity program in place before commissioning.
Picture for A Disposable Electrochemical Biofilm/MIC Test Kit to Detect MIC and to Assess Efficacy of Biocide Treatment of Biofilm
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A Disposable Electrochemical Biofilm/MIC Test Kit to Detect MIC and to Assess Efficacy of Biocide Treatment of Biofilm

Product Number: 51324-20887-SG
Author: Lingjun Xu; Adnan Khan; Sith Kumseranee; Suchada Punpruk; Pruch Kijkla
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Microbial biofilms are behind microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Currently, all the so-called MIC test kits on the market are actually microbe test kits. Our new disposable miniature electrochemical biofilm/MIC test kit based on 10 ml serum vials with solid-state electrodes fills the gap to provide corrosion information such as abiotic corrosion vs. MIC, and MIC by electron-harvesting biofilms vs. MIC by corrosive metabolites. It can also test antimicrobial efficacy. An electrochemical workstation is used as a base station to perform various electrochemical scans such as linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectrometry and potentiodynamic polarization scans to provide near-real time transient corrosion data after a fluid or sludge is injected into the vial. This work presented a prototype with two different solid-state electrode choices. Three different methods to distinguish MIC from abiotic corrosion, and two different methods to distinguish MIC by electron-harvesting biofilms from MIC by corrosive metabolites. Anaerobic Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 (a highly corrosive sulfate reducing bacterium) biofilm, aerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and an anaerobic corrosive oilfield biofilm consortium were used as examples. Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS) biocide was used as an example for assessing biocide efficacy. The patent-pending technology is currently undergoing field-testing.
Picture for Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment
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Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-20904-SG
Author: M. Palombo; F. Recanzone; D. Morando; I. Milano; F. Catalano
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In this period of transition, attention to the environment and clean sources of energy are topics that are acquiring increasing interest. With particular reference to the energy industry, hydrogen is becoming the ideal candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. The distribution of hydrogen is forced to be conducted through the usage of the existing net of pipelines; therefore, using pipes fabricated in different periods (from 1970 up to present). This means, the prediction of the behavior of the pipeline steel under H2 charging (gaseous or cathodic) is not easy and requires a big specific effort to be performed. Therefore, in this work a vintage API 5L grade X52 pipe fabricated in 1970 was characterized both under cathodic and gaseous hydrogen environment; a comparison between mechanical tests with in situ H2 charging was compared with results obtained from KIH test in gaseous hydrogen at 80 bar and a complete picture of the behavior of the material was obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained from slow strain rate tests on notched specimens up to 1500 bar are presented and discussed.
Picture for Analysis and Monitoring of Welded Carbon Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Noise and Wavelet Analysis
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Analysis and Monitoring of Welded Carbon Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Noise and Wavelet Analysis

Product Number: 51324-21243-SG
Author: Ahmed Abdulmutaali; Katerina Lepkova; Chris Aldrich
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The corrosion of welded carbon steel in the presence of aqueous chloride-containing solutions at 30 °C was analyzed by use of electrochemical noise (EN) and wavelet transform analysis (WTA) in three different solution systems. It is shown that features extracted from sections of the EN signals imaged by way of wavelet scalograms could be used to identify different types of corrosion, as well as for online monitoring of corrosion. Moreover, the corroded welded steel surfaces were examined using 3D profilometry to gather information about localized defects (pits). These results demonstrated that electrochemical noise associated with wavelet transform analysis, particularly wavelet scalograms, is an effective tool for monitoring localized corrosion of welded carbon steel.
Picture for Comparative Studies on Corrosion Performance of UNS R20033 under Batch-mode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Conversion of Typical Model Compounds in Lignocellulosic Biomass
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Comparative Studies on Corrosion Performance of UNS R20033 under Batch-mode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Conversion of Typical Model Compounds in Lignocellulosic Biomass

Product Number: 51324-21156-SG
Author: Haoyu Wang; Xue Han; Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng; Chunbao Charles Xu
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an important thermochemical technology which uses hot pressurized water to convert wet biomass or biowaste feedstocks into biocrude oils and other marketable bio-chemicals. However, the widespread commercialization of HTL technology could be challenging due to the corrosion of process core equipment, especially the refining reactors. The presence of hot pressurized water, aggressive catalyst, and organic products can lead to serious corrosion damage and even stress corrosion cracking risks on HTL reactors. Lignocellulosic biomass comprises three primary components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These components exhibit distinct behaviors during HTL conversion, leading to variations in the chemical environment and properties of the resulting products. This study aims to compare the corrosion modes and extents of a typical austenitic alloy (UNS R20033) under HTL of three typical biomass model compounds (cellulose, xylan, and alkali lignin) to facilitate the development of corrosion mechanisms in biomass HTL environment.
Picture for Investigations on Extrusion Conditions and Their Effects on Aesthetics and Long-Term Performance
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Investigations on Extrusion Conditions and Their Effects on Aesthetics and Long-Term Performance

Product Number: 51324-21091-SG
Author: Connie Przeslawski
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Powder coating extrusion requires the engineer’s consideration of the raw material chemistry and how each extruder parameter affects the powder’s behavior during compounding. Prior investigations reviewed how changes in extrusion parameters and conditions can affect the coating’s aesthetics and performance. New details in powder coating extrusion processing conditions and formulation chemistry allow the engineer to achieve specific coating characteristics. This study will be an update on the recent developments of long-term weathering exposure of high-performance powder coating topcoats on metallic substrates. Along with accelerated weathering (ASTM D4587), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to examine the coating’s appearance and performance. These findings will contribute to refining the industry’s knowledge to distinguish key parameters for outstanding long-term performance for topcoat systems.
Picture for Corrosion Management Improvements in Liquids-Rich Shale Play - Pipeline Internal Corrosion Mitigation Case Studies
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Corrosion Management Improvements in Liquids-Rich Shale Play - Pipeline Internal Corrosion Mitigation Case Studies

Product Number: 51324-20990-SG
Author: Monica Fernandez; Chris Jeske; Robert Terry; Ruben Carrera
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This paper details the process followed to enhance the pipeline internal corrosion management during operational stage in a liquids-rich shale play, focusing on pipeline internal corrosion mitigation. The process involves several key steps, encompassing a thorough review of historical data (operational conditions, fluid chemistry, corrosion coupons, chemical treatments, pigging activities, inspection results, among others), meticulous data analysis, strategic scheduling, implementation of short-term, mid-term, and long-term actions, followed by periodic monitoring to evaluate barrier performance in conjunction with an inspection plan to confirm asset integrity and optimize resource utilization. The improvements have considered industry best practices, know-how, lessons learned, valuable insights gained from past failures, challenges encountered within upstream operations for corrosion and integrity activities execution, and the actions taken to overcome them.
Picture for A Review of the Effect of High-Pressure Hydrogen on Crack Growth of Pipeline Steels and an Assessment of their Suitability for Hydrogen Transportation Purpose
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A Review of the Effect of High-Pressure Hydrogen on Crack Growth of Pipeline Steels and an Assessment of their Suitability for Hydrogen Transportation Purpose

Product Number: 51324-21016-SG
Author: Shigekazu Miyashita; Shunji Kataoka
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The mechanical properties of piping materials in gaseous hydrogen environments are still a complex subject, although steel pipelines have been a major means of transporting gaseous hydrogen for decades. An assessment of the material performance in gaseous hydrogen environments is necessary for safe and reliable pipeline design and operation, not only for existing pipelines but also for new pipelines needed to accommodate future consumption demands. Since the materials for hydrogen pipelines are usually subjected to the repeated loading of pressure fluctuations, fatigue crack growth in steels in gaseous hydrogen is of paramount concern. In this paper, the current understanding of the effects of hydrogen on fatigue crack growth are reviewed. In particular, the effects of various parameters, such as steel grade, loading frequency, stress ratio, and hydrogen partial pressure are discussed in detail. Moreover, fatigue crack growth analyses in hypothetical hydrogen pipelines using a fatigue crack growth model developed by the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) are presented. These analyses are used to assess the applicability of conventional pipeline steels, and their results indicate certain technical challenges for the industry.

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