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3228 total products found.
Picture for 03568 CORROSION OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 2024 BY JET FUEL
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03568 CORROSION OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 2024 BY JET FUEL DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS

Product Number: 51300-03568-SG
ISBN: 03568 2003 CP
Author: C.J. McNamara, T.D. Perry, N. Wolf, R. Mitchell, R. Leard and J. Dante
$20.00
Picture for A Novel Approach to Assessing Stray Current Interference without Potential Interruption
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A Novel Approach to Assessing Stray Current Interference without Potential Interruption

Product Number: 51324-20452-SG
Author: Parker B. Robbins
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
A novel approach is proposed to assess a procedure for testing whether a pipeline may be interfered with from DC stray current. With the rise in popularity of portable coupons in AC mitigation testing, the paper proposes a method to evaluate DC stray current with a portable or stationary coupon without requiring potential interruption on foreign structures. This may allow technicians to conduct additional testing on suspected interference spots without requiring the interruption of a foreign pipeline or structure. This paper outlines and proposes a procedure for determining the likelihood of DC stray current interference utilizing coupons. Additionally, the paper recommends and outlines a proposed study to assess the accuracy of the techniques in the proposed procedure. While DC current cannot typically be measured and quantified for a bare metal holiday on a pipeline, coupons allow for a controlled and measurable connection to a simulated pipeline holiday. The procedure may be utilized to distinguish when suppressed potentials are occurring on a pipeline as a result of DC stray current interference rather than from inadequate current provided by CP system, a foreign voltage gradient, shielding or electrical grounding, even when the source of current is unknown. The procedure may also be beneficial in situations with atypical interring-structures where the existence of the interfering structure is unknown or where the applied voltage of the interfering structure cannot be interrupted traditionally such as with the prevalence of DC current situations occurring from installed or newly repaired direct-buried communication utility cables with weak splices at unknown locations. The procedure may also be utilized as an initial step to determine first steps in a DC stray current interference situation.
Picture for Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels for CCS Application under the Liquid Phase in Equilibrium with Supercritical CO2 Containing Slight Amount of O2
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Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels for CCS Application under the Liquid Phase in Equilibrium with Supercritical CO2 Containing Slight Amount of O2

Product Number: 51324-20598-SG
Author: Kyohei Kanki; Daisuke Matsuo; Yuji Arai; Hisashi Amaya
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
In carbon dioxide capture and storage, CO2 emitted from various industries containing impurities is captured and injected underground in dense or supercritical phase through tubings. In order to evaluate corrosion resistances of materials in the supercritical CO2 with a slight amount of O2, corrosion tests were performed under the conditions of 5 mass% NaCl equilibrium with CO2, containing with the various amount of O2 at total pressure of 130 bar and 100 °C. Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (UNS S41426), Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S82551), and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S39274) were evaluated. Localized corrosion was observed in S41426 at conditions higher than 200ppm O2 (0.026 bar O2 partial pressure) condition. On the other hand, S82551 and S39274 showed good corrosion resistance in the same condition. As for S82551, it suffered from localized corrosion at 1000ppm O2 (0.13 bar O2) condition. However, in the actual O2 concentrations, it is considered that S82551 and S39274 are suitable materials even if formation water flow back has occurred.
Picture for Effect of Environmental and Flow Process Conditions on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System in a Petrochemical Installation
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Effect of Environmental and Flow Process Conditions on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System in a Petrochemical Installation

Product Number: 51324-20619-SG
Author: Ernesto Santana; Kent Jedig; Lars Jung;
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The protection against corrosion of the pipelines of the Crossbridge refinery in the West of Denmark is described in this paper. During years the pipelines in this refinery suffered significant external corrosion despite a Cathodic Protection, CP, system was in place to protect two different environments, onshore and offshore, from one sole location. Of all the pipelines being under cathodic protection, one suffered from severe corrosion at specific locations. Initially, the CP system was intensively evaluated with the outcome that a replacement of the pipeline was the best option. However, only after detail investigation of the process, the installation of online ER-probes to monitor current, potential and corrosion rates and the evaluation of the foreign pipelines the possible issues were identified. Environmental conditions, soil and sea water resistivity, flow temperatures and foreign district heating pipeline all affected the corrosion of the largest of the export pipeline, a 24” pipeline. Conclusions of the investigation, updated design and mitigation measures will be described in this paper.
Picture for Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling
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Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20639-SG
Author: Charles Leballeur; Jean Vittonato; Nicolas Larché; Hervé Marchebois
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion.
Picture for The Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the Formation and Protective Characteristics of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products
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The Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the Formation and Protective Characteristics of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products

Product Number: 51324-20666-SG
Author: Amber Sykes; Robert Jacklin; Danny Burkle; Richard C. Woollam; Joshua Owen
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This study investigates the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure on the rate of formation and the protective characteristics of iron carbonate (FeCO3) corrosion product layers on X65 carbon steel in aqueous systems. Autoclave corrosion tests were performed at 80 °C in CO2-saturated 3 wt.% sodium chloride solution at partial pressures from 5.5 to 15.5 bar. Linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical methods were utilized to provide insight into the stages of corrosion product layer development. Analysis of the electrochemical response under each condition revealed key, distinguishable stages associated with the development of an FeCO3 layer as its role transitions from predominantly blocking steel active sites, to ultimately providing additional corrosion suppression through formation of a diffusion barrier. It was found that at higher CO2 partial pressures, the onset of diffusion control was accelerated, but the overall corrosion rate was greater than at lower pressures.
Picture for Scaling Risk Assessment and Remediation in Geothermal Operations Using a Novel Theoretical Approach
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Scaling Risk Assessment and Remediation in Geothermal Operations Using a Novel Theoretical Approach

Product Number: 51324-20701-SG
Author: Gaurav Das; Jerzy Kosinski; Ronald D. Springer; Andre Anderko
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Geothermal power holds immense potential as a renewable energy source with low emissions utilizing the Earth's natural heat to generate electricity. With growing concerns over climate change and the need for sustainable energy alternatives, geothermal power can provide energy independence, economic benefits, and versatility. Mineral scaling has been recognized as a major hindrance in seamless geothermal operations due to the harsh and diverse operating conditions, which can cause significant issues resulting in higher operating costs while reducing energy production's efficiency and overall economic feasibility. Therefore, there is a growing need for a tool that can help in designing preventive and remedial strategies against mineral scaling and, in effect, ensure seamless operation while reducing costs associated with equipment failure. A few of the most commonly occurring scales in geothermal operations across different regions are amorphous silica (SiO2), metal silicates, and calcite (CaCO3). Formulating an effective theoretical framework to identify the critical conditions and characteristics of scaling solids is imperative in devising preventive and/or remedial measures. This multi-faceted problem requires the simultaneous modeling of solution thermodynamics and kinetics. In this work, we propose a novel modeling scheme through the incorporation of the classical nucleation theory (CNT) with the Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) thermodynamic model. While MSE assesses scaling risk based on the effective evaluation of the solution chemistry, CNT provides kinetic information, i.e., an estimate of induction time, based on the continuum thermodynamics treatment of clusters. This work focuses on applying the novel theoretical approach in providing accurate thermodynamic modeling of the scales and subsequent applications of the kinetic modeling in deriving remedial techniques. The theoretical framework aims to provide a consistent approach for testing various what-if scenarios and aid in making the best operational solution in the development of flow assurance.
Picture for Materials and Corrosion Challenges for the Development of Plastics Recycling Processes
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Materials and Corrosion Challenges for the Development of Plastics Recycling Processes

Product Number: 51324-20733-SG
Author: François Ropital; Jean Kittel; Wilfried Weiss; Alexandra Chaumonnot; Frederic Favre
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
To support the booming demand of plastics by the industry, and to reduce the environmental footprint, circularity is a collective imperative. Since plastics are divided into a large number of families, there is no universal recycling process. Depending on the type of polymer, recycling processes involve one or several steps such as conversion, depolymerization, dissolution, mechanical treatment, etc Highly corrosive environments can be found, including high temperature and aggressive fluids. Some of the elementary steps of plastics recycling resemble proven processes of the petrochemical or refining industries. The long-lasting experience of these industrial sectors can help for material selection. However, plastics recycling also opens unexplored conditions, e.g. due to the presence of contaminants such as chlorides and bromides. In this paper, we intend to describe several plastics recycling routes and develop on their potential corrosiveness. Guidelines for materials selection will be discussed, and need for further experimental work will be identified.
Picture for Assessment of Marker Pens for Compatibility with Tank Linings: Implications for Performance
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Assessment of Marker Pens for Compatibility with Tank Linings: Implications for Performance

Product Number: 51324-20783-SG
Author: Gard Reian
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This paper investigates the impact of marker pens on the final performance of tank linings when used during the inspection process. The study focuses on chemical resistance and intercoat/substrate adhesion, employing a range of different marker pens and evaluating their compatibility with various epoxy tank lining systems. Five different coating systems and three different marker pen brands were tested, and the results revealed a significant disparity in performance. Surprisingly, only one of the tested marker pen brands demonstrated zero failures in terms of both chemical resistance and intercoat/substrate adhesion, for the five tested coating systems. These findings underscore the critical role that marker pen selection plays in maintaining the integrity and longevity of tank linings. The study provides valuable insights for industry professionals, aiding them in making informed decisions when choosing marker pens for inspection purposes, enhancing the overall performance and durability of tank linings.
Picture for Refinement of Pitting Factor Basis to Evaluate Minimum Nitrite Requirement in Dilute Waste Chemistries
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Refinement of Pitting Factor Basis to Evaluate Minimum Nitrite Requirement in Dilute Waste Chemistries

Product Number: 51324-20801-SG
Author: Joshua T. Boerstler; Keisha B. Martin; Bruce J. Wiersma; Andrea N. Bridges
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Considering that chloride concentrations are an order of magnitude lower at SRS than the maximum chloride previously tested to evaluate pitting susceptibility of carbon steel, it has been proposed that the Pitting Factor methodology be refined to determine if a reduction in the minimum nitrite requirement is warranted in more dilute solutions and those with chloride concentrations more indicative of waste tank chemistries at SRS. Through the use of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, the susceptibility of A537 carbon steel to pitting corrosion was evaluated. The Pitting Factor was shown to accurately predict pitting susceptibility throughout the chemistry envelope evaluated. In addition, it was shown that nitrite is not required for inhibition of pitting corrosion in tank conditions with chloride concentrations observed at SRS and up to 4 M nitrate. Based upon these findings, new control limits were proposed that removed the minimum nitrite requirement within the chemistry envelope evaluated up to 50 °C.
Picture for Fitness-for-Purpose Testing of UNS R30003, UNS R30035, UNS N07718 and UNS N09946 in Environment with H2S, CO2, and High-Chlorides
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Fitness-for-Purpose Testing of UNS R30003, UNS R30035, UNS N07718 and UNS N09946 in Environment with H2S, CO2, and High-Chlorides

Product Number: 51324-20839-SG
Author: Noelle Easter C. Co; Ravi M. Krishnamurthy; Kenneth George; Bjørn-Andreas Hugaas; Ragnar Marcelius Fredriksen
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Critical equipment in high pressure high temperature (HPHT) oil and gas wells are commonly made of superalloys. Components in these wells require both high strength and corrosion resistance. In this study, four superalloys: Elgiloy (UNS R30003), MP35N (UNS R30035), Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) and 945X (UNS N09946) were tested in an environment with H2S, CO2, and high chlorides. Four-point bend tests were performed with N07718 and UNS N09946 materials while three-point bend tests were done on UNS R30003 and UNS R30035 in an autoclave with pH2S of 0.025 bar and pCO2 16.6 bar, and 308 g/L Cl- at 363°F for 30 days. Neither cracking nor pitting was observed on any of the four-point or three-point bend specimens. In addition to four-point bend testing, slow strain rate tests were performed on UNS N07718 and UNS N09946 materials. Results of the slow strain rate test showed no significant decrease in ductility in either UNS N09946 or UNS N07718. However, UNS N09946 performed better than UNS N07718 in a high chloride environment based solely on SSRT results.
Picture for On the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials Used in Drilling and Reservoir Characterization Applications
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On the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials Used in Drilling and Reservoir Characterization Applications

Product Number: 51324-20872-SG
Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper; Julia Ditmann; Sebastian Jesse
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Because of their versatility CrMn-stainless steels have become the most used structural materials in directional and while-drilling reservoir characterization tools. Nevertheless, pitting and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) are a major concern when these materials are subjected to high halide-containing water-based drilling fluids at elevated temperatures. Consequently, pitting corrosion resistance becomes a crucial property to guarantee operational reliability and integrity of drilling equipment. Indeed, nickel-stabilized austenitic stainless steels and super austenitic stainless steels with higher contents of chromium and molybdenum have been recently developed as alternatives in drilling operations involving harsh environments. In this study, the pitting and repassivation behavior of several grades used in drilling technology was investigated using electrochemical methods. The tests were conducted in brines with different pH-values at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 150 °C. Experimental results are compared to PREN-Mod and CPT-values as well as to results from ASTM G48 Method A. The experimental data provided in this paper demonstrates the lack of correlation between the real pitting resistance of most grades commonly used in drilling equipment in brines at elevated temperatures and the commonly used PREN-Mod values. In addition, the limited applicability of results from standardized test methodologies for predicting pitting susceptibility in service is confirmed. The discussed electrochemical results provide on the other hand a more suitable basis for defining criteria regarding materials selection in drilling technology.

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