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Field Experience of Duplex Stainless-Steel Pipes in Stagnant Condition

Product Number: 51324-20361-SG

Author: Amjad Al Kharusi; Janardhan Rao Saithala; Mohammed Al Ghafri; Talal Nabhani

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Flowlines in the Oil & Gas industry play a pivotal role in ensuring the safe and dependable production of hydrocarbons. Maintaining their integrity stands as a critical responsibility for all operators. Duplex stainless steel (DSS) materials find extensive use within our organization, particularly in upstream Oil & gas, across various critical applications such as pipelines and flowlines. These DSS pipelines are versatile, serving not only in traditional oil transmission but also in diverse applications like water supply, un-stabilized condensate transportation, and the conveyance of wet gas. In recent years, PDO has faced challenges associated with the premature failure of DSS flowlines and pipelines. These failures have been linked to issues arising during hydrotesting, maintenance, and subsurface fracking operations, primarily due to liquid stagnation. This paper presents a comprehensive case study focusing on premature DSS failures, offering insights into our strategies for preserving the integrity of flowlines during extended well shutdowns.

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A Parametric Evaluation of Well Construction Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Geological Carbon Sequestration

Product Number: 51324-20582-SG

Author: Manuel Marya

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A parametric test program involving completion alloys in supercritical CO2 was conducted using both isothermal and non-isothermal cycles in the presence of contaminants (i.e., H2O, NO2, SO2, H2S, H2) above typical impurity limits for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). The isothermal testing consisted of 4500 psi (310 bar) autoclave tests at 175°F (79°C) with the test materials in supercritical CO2, and optionally, in a NaCl-rich brine in equilibrium; the non-isothermal testing was similar, but included three consecutive cycles with 250°F (121°C) and 70°F (21°C) exposures. Up to ten corrosion-resistant alloys [i.e., 9Cr (UNS K90941), 13Cr (UNS S42000), S13Cr (ISO13680 (1) Type 13-5-2), 15Cr (proprietary), 17Cr (proprietary, 22Cr (UNS S32205), 25Cr (UNS S32750), G3 (UNS N06985), 925 (UNS N09925), 718 (UNS N07718), and 716 (UNS N07716)] were tested for weight loss, pitting, and crevice corrosion. The alloys, known to be more susceptible to environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC), were also evaluated for cracking with ppm-levels impurities (25-to-150 ppmv each), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Alloys 22Cr, 25Cr, and API (2) Spec. 6A and Std. 5CRA nickel-based alloys are generally found to be fit-for-service for subsurface CCS. In contrast, the alloys with 9-to-17 wt.% chromium tend to suffer from pitting, which when extensive, has been associated with a case of EAC. For the pitting-resistant alloys under test, neither EAC nor crevice corrosion created major new risks. The introduction of non-isothermal cycles to qualify alloys for CCS has successfully emphasized the dominant effects of condensates, otherwise under-represented, and is suggested for future material testing and qualification programs.

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Assessing Comprehensive Mechanistic CO2 Corrosion Modeling Methods and Their Impact on Predicted Corrosion Behavior

Product Number: 51324-20656-SG

Author: Michael Jones; Gregory de Boer; Richard Woollam; Joshua Owen; Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this work, two comprehensive mechanistic models of aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion produced by Nordsveen et al.1 and Kahyarian et al.2 17 years apart are recreated and compared to highlight the evolution in understanding. The differences between the models include the role of carbonic acid at the surface, whether it is directly reduced or acts as a buffering agent, as well as different mechanisms for the anodic response, and varying temperature responses of multiple input variables. Through recreation and validation of these models using the same software, key comparisons are made to understand the effect of these changes on predicted corrosion rate, surface pH, and speciation through the boundary layers. These values are plotted across a range of input parameters to investigate how the change in scientific understanding influences predictive response of corrosion models.

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Multilayer Anticorrosion Systems for Offshore Wind Turbines

Product Number: 51324-20840-SG

Author: Adamantini Loukodimou; Dimitrios Statharas; David Weston; Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Offshore wind turbines are subjected to a harsh marine environment, which can cause detrimental problems to them due to corrosion, if not protected properly. Offshore wind energy is considered to play an important role in the net zero emissions by 2050, as set in Paris Agreement [1], contributing to environmental protection and sustainability. Thus, the long-term corrosion protection and life expansion of these offshore structures is of high importance. In this work, the formation of microcapsules, loaded with corrosion inhibitor liquid is presented. More specifically the microcapsules consist of polystyrene shell-an inert material- and 3-octanoylthio-1-propyltriethoxysilane core with a mean diameter of around 80µm. Silanes are used as corrosion inhibitors due to their chemistry, which offers protection to the underlying substrate [2, 3]. The incorporation of the microcapsules in a commercially available paint and their anticorrosion performance was tested in salt spray chamber and in real marine environment. Hence, this work highlights the performance of the microcapsules, which can offer corrosion solution to offshore wind turbines when used as part of a coating system. EDX analysis of the exposed samples lead to conclusions regarding these systems, contributing to the existing literature.

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Case Study - AC Mitigation Design for Multiple Pipelines without Powerline Data

Product Number: 51324-20632-SG

Author: Baotong Lu; Hui Yu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This case study demonstrates the applicability of the AC Interference Mitigation (ACIM) design method (reported in our preceding paper, C2023-18983) under the conditions of unavailable power data for collocated powerlines and for multiple pipelines that are electrically connected. It was assumed that field AC voltage readings were collected from test stations along at least one pipeline. The procedure is as follows: 1. Estimate the power loads of the powerlines using a trial-and-error method via simulating the AC voltage profile(s) of the pipeline. 2. Validate the predictive model that is based on the estimated current loads with AC voltage readings of the other pipelines, if applicable. 3. Execute ACIM design when necessary. 4. Validate effectiveness of the recommended ACIM action via new field AC readings collected from test stations along the pipelines after the ACIM is applied.

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Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 2 - Experimental Study of Multi-Component Surfactant Partitioning Responses and Their Influence on Inhibition Performance

Product Number: 51324-20883-SG

Author: Richard Barker; Joshua Owen; Raeesa Bhamji; Jeanine Williams; Amber Sykes

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In Part 1 of this two-part paper, a predictive model for multi-component partitioning was developed based on knowledge of individual component micellization and partitioning characteristics. In Part 2, the model’s validity is assessed through comparison with experimental partitioning data for an 1 wt.% NaCl brine:toluene system containing mixtures of two benzylammonium chloride corrosion inhibitors (BAC-C12 and BAC-C16). Following model validation, the implications of the experimental partitioning behavior on corrosion inhibition performance are examined via rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) experiments. Through selected experiments, the important role of each of the two surfactants and their relative molar concentration in influencing overall corrosion inhibition performance is examined. While BAC-C12 exhibited poor inhibition in isolation, when combined with BAC-C16 at specific molar ratios, BAC-C12 played a crucial role in retaining the longer chain surfactant in the aqueous phase. This response enabled BAC-C16 (the more effective surfactant corrosion inhibitor) to work synergistically with BAC-C12 to suppress carbon steel corrosion more effectively than the two components alone under these particular conditions.

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Erosion Behavioral Study for High Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51324-20638-SG

Author: Mansour Alhammad; Nayef Alanazi; Abdullatif Alabdulhadi; Salako Olaoluwa; Anaam Shaikh Ali

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Oil and gas industry have employed Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA) in highly corrosive environments for a sustained production capacity and longer service life. These materials are regarded to have high resistance to corrosion, however, a prominent issue that can occur in O&G production is the potential of erosion along material surface. In this study, ASTM G76 standard was used as basis to generate high nickel alloy erosion database. The materials used in this study include N06255, N08535 and N07718 with respective nickel content of 48.5, 31.4 and 48 %wt. An Air-Jet Erosion Tester was utilized with Alumina Oxide as erodent for this study, in which the feedrate varied between 1 – 6 g/min with a 1g/min step, impingement velocity ranging between 30 - 110 m/s and a varying impingement angle (15° - 90°) with 15° step bringing the total number of runs in excess of 100. The erosional behavior of materials N06255, N08535 and N07718 were studied and the resulting steady state erosion rate (SSER) for each was determined. The tested materials were ranked based on SSER from lowest to highest metal loss per time as follows N06255, N8535 and N07718 which could be attributed to difference in molybdenum and nickel content.

SSPC Painting Manual Vol.1: Good Painting Practice

Product Number: PB-01601

Publication Date: 2016

$265.00

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SSPC Painting Manual: Good Painting Practice, 5th Edition, reflects the latest in standards, technology, and management techniques used in the protective coatings industry. It is divided into seven sections of related articles.

This edition includes articles about polysiloxane coatings, elevated/high temperature coatings, concrete surface preparation and coatings, concrete flooring moisture issues, inspection of nonskid coatings, paperless quality assurance (QA), and introduction to common coating contracts.

NOTE: Binder not included