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The NACE TM0208-2018 Jar Test remains an industry-wide recognized standard for evaluating the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) of raw materials and finished products to provide off-contact corrosion protection of steel surfaces1. It is particularly useful for comparing the efficacy of different VCI chemistries, as well as for monitoring performance consistency between productions of VCI functionalized materials.
The NACE TM0208-2018 standard jar test is a widely used tool for measuring the efficacy of volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) packaging materials to provide off-contact corrosion protection of steel surfaces. However, while ever improving, the standard still lacks sufficient technical specification for some of the materials used during the test procedure, which likely contributes to inconsistent results observed both within and between laboratories. For example, the use of mineral spirits to clean the steel specimen surfaces is unique to the TM0208 standard, but no comment or requirement is made about which of the various types and grades of mineral spirits should be used. In this paper, we investigate how cleaning the steel specimen surfaces with different grades of mineral spirits impacts their corrosion protection by VCI chemistries. In addition, we further explore how changes in the temperature and duration of the mineral spirits bath, together with covering the bath during cleaning, impact the sensitivity of the steel surfaces to corrosion. Ultimately, we correlate corrosion sensitivity with surface energy as measured by the contact angle of water droplets deposited on the surface of the steel specimens after completion of the TM0208 test.
Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the corrosion behavior of carbon steels in supercritical CO2 conditions. Unlike the case of carbon capture and storage (CCS) where small amounts of water are present, the exploitation of fields with high pressures of CO2 needs to consider the presence of formation water, which presents strong corrosivity. It has been reported that the aqueous corrosion rate of carbon steel at high CO2 pressures (liquid and supercritical CO2) without protective FeCO3 corrosion product layers is very high (>20 mm/y) due to the high concentrations of corrosive species such as H+ and H2CO3.1-5 Steels with low Cr contents (i.e., 1% Cr and 3% Cr) have shown no beneficial effect in terms of reducing the corrosion rate to admissible values.6 Therefore, controlling corrosion in these cases usually involves the use of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) or corrosion inhibitors (CI). Adequate protection of carbon steel was achieved by applying CI in high pressure CO2 environments.6
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Left unprotected, metals corrode quickly which over time contributes to the loss of structural integrity and the failure of buildings, bridges, oil & gas platforms, airplanes, cars and many other metal assets, all of which pose a risk to human safety and the surrounding environment. In 2016, the National Association for Corrosion Engineers (NACE) – now known as AMPP – published a landmark study, well-known to those attending this conference, that estimated the direct cost of corrosion to the world economy as $2.5T per year, equivalent to 3.4% of the Gross World Product (1). In the United States, the annual cost of corrosion is estimated at 3.1% of gross domestic product (2), equivalent to $635B (2018). When including indirect costs, such as asset downtime, ship dry-docking and the impact of bridge collapses, the cost of corrosion is estimated at twice that amount.
Among the many additive manufacturing processes, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has recently been drawing interest due to its great and attractive prospect for fabrication of large parts, the possibility to process a vast range of materials in form of welding wires, and the addition of further details to semi-finished components [1]. However, most of the research have currently focused on optimization of the WAAM process parameters and analysis of the resulting thermal and residual stresses [2]. Unlike conventional manufacturing processes, WAAM process and post-processing treatments result in unique microstructures and material surfaces that alter the corrosion performance of the materials but are not fully studied or understood yet.