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The NACE TM0208-2018 Jar Test remains an industry-wide recognized standard for evaluating the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) of raw materials and finished products to provide off-contact corrosion protection of steel surfaces1. It is particularly useful for comparing the efficacy of different VCI chemistries, as well as for monitoring performance consistency between productions of VCI functionalized materials.
The NACE TM0208-2018 standard jar test is a widely used tool for measuring the efficacy of volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) packaging materials to provide off-contact corrosion protection of steel surfaces. However, while ever improving, the standard still lacks sufficient technical specification for some of the materials used during the test procedure, which likely contributes to inconsistent results observed both within and between laboratories. For example, the use of mineral spirits to clean the steel specimen surfaces is unique to the TM0208 standard, but no comment or requirement is made about which of the various types and grades of mineral spirits should be used. In this paper, we investigate how cleaning the steel specimen surfaces with different grades of mineral spirits impacts their corrosion protection by VCI chemistries. In addition, we further explore how changes in the temperature and duration of the mineral spirits bath, together with covering the bath during cleaning, impact the sensitivity of the steel surfaces to corrosion. Ultimately, we correlate corrosion sensitivity with surface energy as measured by the contact angle of water droplets deposited on the surface of the steel specimens after completion of the TM0208 test.
Seawater injection is commonly utilized for offshore wells to maintain or increase oil production; however, treatment for seawater before injection is always necessary to reduce or remove bacteria, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, and other impurities. Seawater typically has >2000 mg/L sulfate. Without proper sulfate removal, such high levels of sulfate can cause not only barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate scales, but also reservoir souring and H2S corrosion in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Therefore, sulfate removal from seawater is critical before seawater injection into reservoir.
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Many asset owners struggle to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion rates due to unreliable inspection data. Facilities worldwide are tasked with monitoring thousands of Condition Monitoring Locations (CMLs) with established NDE techniques such as manual ultrasonic testing and radiography. While these techniques can provide valuable “snapshots” of the condition of particular locations, limitations and inherent errors can compound leading to ill-advised decision making. Manually taken thickness data can vary greatly and result in unwarranted complacency or excessive and costly inspections.
The polycondensation of silicate to form colloidal silica is a well-known process. Silica formation takes place through an SN2-like mechanism that involves an attack of a mono-deprotonated silicic acid molecule on a fully protonated one. Thus, monomeric silicate species produce silicate dimers, and oligomers, and eventually form colloidal silica particles. Nevertheless, this straightforward silica chemistry can be profoundly affected by the presence of certain metal cations, such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. When such cations are present in a process water they enhance the rate of polymerization of silicate ions and induce the formation of metal silicate precipitates.