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The corrosion process that causes metal degradation is natural. The metal and its structure corrode with time. The corrosion rate is usually faster in specific corrosive environments.
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The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated.
Delayed coking process is one of the major process technologies used for breaking down the heavy, long chain hydrocarbon molecules of the residual oil into shorter coker gas oil (and petroleum coke as by-product). Severe cyclic operating conditions are involved in these units. The main vessels, coke drums, are exposed to multiple damage mechanisms, as summarized in API 934G and J.
The need for corrosion mitigation and repair is a perennial concern for a wide array of industries. An attractive evolution in coatings application for mitigating the effects of environmental/operational degradation is cold spray of metallic replacement layers. As cold spray technologies continue to become more commonplace, portable, low-pressure cold spray systems presents an opportunity to bring metallic repair to the field for heavily damaged or corroded assets.
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a widespread corrosion phenomenon in many industries since it was first described in 1965. CUI generally occurs when moisture is retained within thermal insulation and metal interface and when the protective coating breaks down. Improper installation and eventual damage to metal jacketing act as an entry point for water. The rate of CUI can be further accelerated depending on the amount of leached corrosive species and the operating parameters.
Steel pipelines designated for the transport of oil and gas containing wet hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are facedwith the risk of sudden and severe cracking. In sour environments containing water and H2S, hydrogenatoms, originating from the anodic dissolution of the material, can diffuse into the steel and induce severedamage. Different forms of cracking may occur, such as Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), SulfideStress Cracking (SSC) or Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC).
Pipeline internal corrosion is an important issue that threatens pipeline safety operations. Catastrophic failures of pipelines and equipment due to corrosion-related shortcomings can lead to fires, explosions, and the release of toxic materials into the environment. Regulator noted that more than 9000 failures occurred due to internal corrosion from 1990 to 2012.
Critical procedures at blasting and coating shops and steel fabricating shops, include surface preparation, application of primer coats, often shop applications include intermediate coat application, as well as occasionally including topcoat application. These phases of the process are absolutely critical to the long-term success of coating/lining projects. If the industry is serious about quality, specifiers must include language in the project specifications to include mandatory independent qualified coating inspection during shop coating applications.
The case study presented in this paper is for a 7-story apartment building situated in a beach-front location in Sydney, Australia. The building was constructed circa 1977 and over the years was affected by concrete defects related to chloride ingress from the adjacent sea front.
Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) for reinforced concrete structures has been installed on numerous bridges and wharves in Australia over the past 40 years. The exposure conditions at the majority of these bridges and wharves made them more susceptible to chloride-induced corrosion.
The ICCP systems in Australia are designed, installed and monitored in accordance with the global cathodic protection standards such as AMPP Standard SP 0290-2019, International Standard ISO 12696:2022, and Australian Standard AS 2832.5 – 2008 (R2018).
This paper proposes a theory for how a successful water wash achieves salt corrosion control, the mass-transfer considerations driving this process and how popular practices may contribute to or hinder successful outcomes.
This paper presents work in follow-up to the previous study. It is focused on UNS1 N07718, UNS N09925, UNS N07725 and UNS N09946. A series of incremental step load tests of compact tensile specimens were conducted to measure the fracture toughness during testing and cracking was monitored by the Electric Crack Growth Monitoring technique. A new engineering technique, referred to as statistical fractography, was used to investigate the fracture surface morphology and extract from it the fracture properties of the alloys.