AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'carbon steel'

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Effect of Residual Copper, Nickel, and Chromium on the Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel in Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Services

Product Number: 51393-93623-SG

Author: H.H. Hashim, W.L. Valerioti,

Publication Date: 1993

$20.00

Carbon steel is the main construction material in HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF) alkylation units. Carbon Steel has good corrosion resistance to anhydrous HF (AHF) below 160 degrees fahrenheit (71 C). The corrosion resistance is due to the formation of an inorganic iron fluoride scale on the carbon steel surface that protects the steel from futher corrosion. The presence of an adherent and continuous scale is essential in keeping the corrosion rate at a minimum.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel With and Without Residual Elements

Product Number: 51320-14245-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Sri Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Residual elements (RE) in carbon steel, not specifically included in the specified steel, appear to influence the corrosion rate under certain conditions, especially in services involving hydrofluoric acid (HF). The relative proportions of RE, specifically %C, %Ni, %Cu, and %Cr in carbon steel base and weld metals used in refineries, especially in alkylation processes with HF as the catalyst, significantly impact corrosion behavior. Studies described in the literature show corrosion damage with high RE (Cu + Ni + Cr >0.20) components as compared to low RE (Cu + Ni + Cr <0.20) components.

In this study, electrochemical corrosion testing was performed on a 3-inch pipe elbow section with high REs that had developed a through-wall leak in service. Test results were compared to those obtained on a similar pipe elbow section with lower REs. The samples were exposed to 50% HF at room temperature and at 65°C. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) corrosion rates were measured at both temperatures. Potentiodynamic (PD) polarization scans were performed on samples of low and high RE steel exposed to 50% HF at room temperature.

Test results indicated that LPR corrosion rates were higher for the high RE carbon steel samples than for low RE carbon steel samples at both temperatures. PD scans showed that the critical current densities were higher for high RE steel than for low RE steel.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Studies of Different Alloys and Cement Lining Material of Water Transmission system

Product Number: 51323-19203-SG

Author: Ali Al-Sahary, Fatma Al-Radhi, Abdulrahman Al-Enezi, Nausha Asrar

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is the largest producer of water by its different water desalination plants distributed around the kingdom. Produced water is transmitted through underground pipelines. These pipelines are more than 8,000 KM in length and varying diameter from 8 thru 75 in.

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Enhanced Biocide Treatment Using D-tyrosine Against Desulfovibrio Vulgaris Corrosion of Carbon Steel

Product Number: 51320-14527-SG

Author: Tuba Unsal, Di Wang, Tingyue Gu, Sith Kumseranee, Suchada Punpruk

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Biocides are used to control problematic microorganisms in the oil and gas industry. High doses of biocides cause environmental and operational problems. Therefore, using biocide enhancers to make biocides more effective is highly desirable. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) is a popular biocide because it is broad-spectrum, effective, kills microorganisms immediately upon addition, and it degrades rapidly. D-amino acids are natural chemicals that have been used in lab tests to enhance biocides to treat biofilms. In this work, D-tyrosine was used to enhance DBNPA against Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm on C1018 carbon steel. After 7 days of incubation, the weight loss of coupons without treatment chemicals in culture medium was found to be 3.1 ± 0.1 mg/cm2. With a treatment of 150 ppm (w/w) DBNPA, the weight loss was reduced to 1.9 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 accompanied by a 1-log reduction in the sessile cell count. The combination of 150 ppm DBNPA + 1 ppm D-tyrosine achieved an extra 3-log reduction in sessile cell counts and an additional 30% reduction in weight loss compared with 150 ppm treatment of only DBNPA. The combination also led to a smaller maximum pit depth. Linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) tests corroborated the enhancement effects.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery: Localization of corrosion during polymer flooding

Product Number: 51323-18888-SG

Author: Moritz Schwingenschlögl, Gunther Ball

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Traditionally, oil recovery operations are subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary stages. EOR is commonly classified as tertiary recovery, where gases, liquid chemicals and thermal energy can be used to enhance the displacement of reservoir fluids. Different sources divide EOR into two to five categories, one particular method, polymer flooding, is based on increasing the fluid viscosity by adding a polymer to the injected water. Polymer EOR is a mobility-control process using a polymer-augmented waterflood, typically a solution of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) or polysaccharides, which is injected to displace oil towards production wells.

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Estimating Metal Loss in a Marine Environment for Structural Integrity Analyses

Product Number: 51317--9003-SG

ISBN: 9003 2017 CP

Author: James Ellor

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The following paper discusses models and procedures for estimating the corrosion-related metal loss and loss patterns on carbon steel exposed in a marine environment. This includes immersion and atmospheric exposure and the impact of coatings.

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Evaluating the Effect of Surface Finishing on Microbial Induced Corrosion of Pipeline Steels

Product Number: MECC23-20073-SG

Author: Eman Adel Almutawa; Ihsan UlHaq Toor; Wasif Farooq

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Microbial influenced corrosion is a type of corrosion caused by microorganisms attached to the metal surface or by their activity. The first one who noted the MIC was Gaines in 1910 [1], followed by research about the graphitization of cast irons in anaerobic soils in 1934 [2]. Nowadays, attention to MIC problems increased significantly.

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Evaluation Of Pitting Penetration Associated With Steel Exterior Of Hanford Tanks

Product Number: 51322-18002-SG

Author: K.J. Evans, S. Chawla, K.M. Sherer, B.C. Rollins, J.A. Beavers, J. S. Page and C.L. Girardot, N. Sridhar

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The Hanford site contains approximately 55 million gallons (2.08 x 108 liters) of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through he Cold War era. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). Historically, tank failures have been associated with the SSTs

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Evaluation of Seawater Treatments to Mitigate the Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steels and CRAs Rigid Pipeline During Pre-Commissioning Operations and Long-Term Wet Storage

Product Number: 51324-21050-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur; Quang-Tung Tran; Krystel Pélissier; Nicolas Larché

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Once installed at the seabed, subsea rigid pipes in Carbon steel (CS), Low Alloys Steels (LAS) or in Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) can be wet stored for various durations. During this idle period, the lines can be filled with natural seawater generally treated with different types of chemicals, to mitigate localized corrosion initiation of stainless steel or the general corrosion of carbon steel. The chemicals are usually oxygen scavengers combined with or without biocides and corrosion inhibitor. Field experiences show that satisfying efficiency is obtained with some chemical’s combination. However, only few data are available in the literature to quantify separately the actual benefit of these chemicals and their combination. The needs to investigate sustainable alternative chemicals for these wet storage operations are also anticipated. In order to quantify the individual and synergistic effects of the selected chemicals, API 5L X65 carbon steel and UNS S31603 stainless steel were exposed for one year in seawater treated by different available combinations of oxygen scavenger, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. Environmental-friendly chemicals have also been assessed as possible alternatives to conventional biocides. The corrosion rate of carbon steel coupons immersed in specific exposure cells, that simulate the confined exposure conditions during the wet storage, have then been determined by weight loss measurements after 3 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months. The impact of the treatments on the corrosion rate and the bacterial activity have also been studied by Dissolved Oxygen Content (DOC) and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) monitoring, Electric Resistance (ER) measurements, and bacterial analysis. The current investigation shows that low DOC levels have been achieved which inhibited the so-called “biofilm ennoblement” of stainless steel. Thus, no corrosion occurred for UNS S31603. Such results are also applicable to most CRAs under similar exposure environment. The synergic effects of oxygen scavenger, biocides and corrosion inhibitor on the corrosion rate of carbon steel are also discussed.

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Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

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Flowline Material Performance and Challenges in Oil and Gas sweet and sour environment

Product Number: 51320-14722-SG

Author: Amjad Kharusi, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Antonio Ojeda Macedo, Manoj Suryanarayana, Talal Nabhani, Nasser Behlani,

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Oil & Gas flowlines are paramount for safe and reliable production of hydrocarbons, ensuring their integrity is one of the key tasks for all operators. Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) manages around 11,000 Km of flowlines and connects to production stations more than 400 wells across more than 50 fields every year. Applications for these flowlines vary from the traditional Oil & Gas transmission to other applications such as water injection, polymer flood and steam injection. All these diverse applications involve multiple operation environments ranging from benign fields with low CO2 < 0.5 mole% and minimum H2S to very aggressive environments with CO2 and H2S concentrations well above 10 mole%, combined with a wide range of salinities and water cuts, with chlorides concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 200,000 ppm and water cuts from almost nil to more than 95%. The challenges encountered in safe and economic development of these assets across such a wide range of conditions are numerous; therefore, the material selection and designed methods to manage flowlines integrity are complex with no single solution approach to address the myriad of different conditions. This paper present two cases of metallic and non-metallic materials installed in PDO flowlines showing their historical field performance and discusses the strategy adopted for the material selection of flowlines.

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Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-17654-SG

Author: Joshua Owen, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO₂)-saturated environments, such as those found in geothermal energy, oil and gas and carbon abatement industries, various naturally occurring layers can be found on the internal surface of carbon steel infrastructure, such as pipelines, as they corrode in the mildly acidic conditions. Amongst the most commonly found layers are iron carbonate (FeCO₃), iron carbide (Fe₃C) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). FeCO₃ can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel when formed under certain conditions, as too can Fe₃O₄. Fe₃C is typically associated with enhancement of electrochemical activity of carbon steel and is revealed due to preferential dissolution of ferrite in the steel microstructure – through the formation of a porous network at the steel surface. Each of these layers play a fundamental role in the uniform and localized corrosion of the underlying carbon steel.

Products tagged with 'carbon steel'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance