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In Oil & Gas industries, Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Mo alloys with Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) lower than 40 could be selected for Rigid Production subsea risers, pipeline, and associated structure’s piping, according to a CO2/H2S corrosion assessment that considers all steady and transient conditions foreseen to operate the reservoir.
However, there are frequently some localized corrosion concerns for these materials during the installation and pre-commissioning of the line, when the internal surface of the line could be in contact temporarily with untreated seawater. These concerns systematically lead to discard the selection of these materials and to select, for conservative purpose, UNS N06625 that is admitted immune to localized corrosion in ambient seawater in international standard and operator’s specification, whatever the outcomes of the CO2/H2 corrosion assessment.
Update on recent experiences from laboratory tests performed at service conditions for geothermal applications. Incorporated in a catalogue of suitable materials for applications geothermal power plants. Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities.
In seawater handling systems, better dissolved oxygen controls would permit the use of more cost effective materials such as duplex stainless steel UNS S82551. Corrosion testing of tubes joined together with a proprietary premium threaded connection was performed in controlled seawater loops simulating service conditions at 30°C.
In natural seawater, microorganisms can fix, grow and develop on practically any surface, including stainless steels.The term biofilm is generally used for communities of microorganisms embedded in an organic polymer matrix (e.g. exopolysaccharides), produced by the microorganisms themselves) and adhering to a surface, irrespective of the environment in which they develop. Stainless steels are widely used for different applications in seawater such as the oil and gas, desalination and marine energy industries. The presence of a biofilm on passive alloys such as stainless steels or nickel-based alloys can strongly enhance the cathodic reactions, and shift their open-circuit potential (OCP) to the noble direction.
To better understand and quantify the effect of crevice geometry, several crevice configurations simulating service conditions were evaluated including flanges assembled with gaskets, bolts mounted with nuts to plates, and the standard CREVCORR-type crevice formers.
This work is aimed at determining the viability of oxygen-free copper as an engineering barrier of high-level radioactive waste containers.
Crevice corrosion is a geometrical-dependent type of localized attack that occurs in occluded regions where a stagnant and corrosive electrolyte is in contact with the surface of a passive metal1,2. Crevices are present in all industrial designs and can lead to major failure since their detection is often challenging3,4. Main strategies for the prevention and mitigation of crevice corrosion include design awareness and adequate materials selection5.
Material selection for downhole applications has become more difficult as the number of alloys continues to increase. On one hand, stainless steels like 316 offer a relatively low initial cost, but are not suited for many severe applications or environments. Other alloys, like MP35N, offer considerable strength and corrosion resistance, but with a much higher cost. Thus, an attempt has been made to create an alloy that spans the considerable gap between the 300 series of stainless steels and the nickel or cobalt base alloys. The resulting 6% Mo stainless steels offered increased strength and corrosion resistance without a drastic cost increase. The first generation of superaustenitics still falls considerably short of the strength and corrosion resistance provided by established nickel or cobalt-base alloys. In an attempt to further bridge the remaining gap, a new superaustenitic stainless steel has been developed that maintains the attractive cost of the 6% Mo alloys, but enhances both corrosion resistance and strength to open up environments that were too severe for 6% Mo alloys. The development of this alloy along with localized corrosion resistance, qualification testing, and mechanical testing are discussed.
In this paper, a new concept named CP by distributed sacrificial anodes (DSA) is presented. The main principle of CP by DSA is to convert cathode area to anode area by distributing anode mass over the surface of the equipment to be protected.
High-strength aerospace aluminum alloys, such as AA7075-T651, are susceptible to environmental assisted cracking (EAC) under the right combinations of stress, environment, and microstructure. EAC presents a serious risk to structures and equipment operated in corrosive conditions. Studies of EAC in aluminum alloys have highlighted the importance of both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement to EAC initiation and propagation.1–4 The EAC response of alloys under variable atmospheric conditions is of particular importance for assessing material performance for aerospace applications.