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Mineral scale deposition is one of the major flow assurance issues for the oil and gas industry. When an oil or gas well produces water, there is the possibility that scale could form either by the mixing of incompatible waters forming oversaturated brine or by direct precipitation of the water that occurs naturally in reservoirs due to the changes in pressure, temperature, or pH. Scale inhibitors are commonly used to prevent mineral scale formation during oil and gas production and mitigate this flow assurance issue.
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Mineral scales frequently occur in tanks, pipelines, cooling and heating system, production wells ofoil and gas, external and internal membrane, and other equipment during industrial processes,causing the reduction of process efficacy and millions of dollars on dealing with the scale issues. Asoil and gas are produced increasingly in more unconventional reservoirs, such as deeper and tighterzones, with new technologies, more challenges are encountered to mitigate scale problems.
Departmant of Defense Specifications/standards for the prevention and control of corrosion in the aerospace field.
The drives to digitalize the development of Expert Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (E-CDBM) is due to the pain points involved in the typical development of CDBM. Among the challenges with the typical CDBM development are where longer duration is required for CDBM development due to the CDBM developed by various parties and no standardized format and content available. Without a standard approach in developing CDBM assessment, content, and output may be insufficient.
For many years, sacrificial corrosion protective paint formulations based on Zinc consisted of zinc dust at approximate 80% loading and about 10% epoxy binder. This composition is necessary for corrosion protection, as direct zinc to zinc dust contact is only possible at high zinc dust loadings. This goes back to the spherical shape of the zinc dust particles with their low surface area.
Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-alloys are widely used in the oil and gas industry since they provide an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Their use in the manufacture of API1 6A pressure-containing and pressure-controlling components is subject to the stringent requirements of specification API Standard 6ACRA. However, matching the requirements of API Standard 6ACRA does not preclude susceptibility of some PH Ni-alloys to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and this in some cases has led to premature and unexpected failures of components made from suchmaterials.(
The threshold hydrogen content of a material regarding hydrogen embrittlement plays an increasingly important role in corrosion research. This value indicates the hydrogen content to which the material can be used without failure. However, when determining the threshold hydrogen content, different test methods, different analysis methods and different interpretations of the results come together. This paper is intended to provide a guideline for the determination of the critical hydrogen concentration of high strength steel wire samples.