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Selecting, applying, and evaluating the use of biocides in oil and gas field operations - including stimulation, production, storage, transmission, hydrostatic testing, and water injection applications.
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This paper summarizes key case studies where Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) corrosion was observed. Best practices for process control and corrosion mitigation strategies have been recommended based on the learnings from these failures.
Methods for the handling and use of inhibited hydrochloric acid for oilfield applications. Minimizing acid corrosion. Preparation of the well & acid solution. Solution pumping/injection. Handling return fluids.
Upstream oil production assets, including oil production pipeline network and gas oil water separation facilities, play a dominant role in sustaining production targets to meet customer requirements. Corrosion management of such assets encompasses various phases, such as design, construction, operation, and decommissioning. Proper engineering design and sound construction practices combined with effective monitoring are essential to manage and maintain the corrosion of these assets within acceptable limits. Some of the considerations taken into account during design include: safety, environment, pressure, temperature, material availability, delivery time, and cost. Operating these assets outside of the design boundaries could influence the corrosion process, significantly impacting integrity. Close monitoring of operating parameters, along with identifying the corrosion by employing appropriate inspection techniques, and implementing timely corrective measures, are of paramount importance to preserving the integrity of these critical assets, which otherwise could lead to safety and environmental issues. This paper highlights three case studies involving the importance of cathodic protection monitoring, and failure analysis of an oil pipeline, along with corrosion inhibitor optimization efforts carried out to ensure asset integrity.
Utility water and fire water which is desalinated is supplied by Ministry of Electricity & Water (MEW) and stored in utility/fire water tank (70-T-0002). The process areas and the tanks are protected by desalinated water as fire water backed up by sea water and the buildings are protected completely by desalinated water. Buildings to be protected by desalinated fire water are fire station, maintenance & operation building, warehouse, workshop, laboratory, and administration building. DF water system used in buildings are stagnant and for the fire water in tanks are used frequently.
Since the 1980s, a range of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) has been developed that have higher alloy content, and therefore greater corrosion resistance and strength. The commonly used DSSs have good corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments and excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Their high strength and hardness also gives them excellent resistance to both erosion corrosion and cavitation. There are also cast versions of many of the duplex compositions and these have seen extensive use for pumps, valves, and other equipment.
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The refining industry has made significant strides in technology and materials science, resulting in increased efficiency and reliability of various refinery units. Despite these advancements, unexpected failures persist, leading to costly downtime and potential safety hazards. A recent instance of premature failure in a newly commissioned Naphtha Hydrotreating unit (NHT) highlights the challenges that still exist in maintaining the integrity of critical infrastructure.
In this study, sequencing was performed both with and without 16S rDNA gene amplification. Following bioinformatics testing, the resulting data showed dramatically different results when comparing the 16S sequence data to the shotgun-based sequence data.