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51318-11121-Chloride-induced corrosion inhibition by binary mixtures in reinforced concrete structures

Product Number: 51318-11121-SG

Author: Andrea Brenna / Fabio Bolzoni / MariaPia Pedeferri / Marco Ormellese

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

The paper describes results of potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical tests carried out in alkaline solution, in the presence of chlorides, on binary mixtures with nitrite, dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), glutamine and benzoate.

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The Path towards More Consistent Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors Used in the Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: 51324-20702-SG

Author: Trevor Place; Sankara Papavinasam

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper provides an overview of various properties influencing efficacy of corrosion inhibitors including transportability, efficiency, availability, and secondary inhibitor properties (TEAS); highlights various standards available to evaluate these properties; describes status of implementation of these standards; emphasizes the importance of developing standard test methods; identifies the gaps in evaluating inhibitor efficacy; and elaborates an industry effort underway to fill the gaps and to develop standard test methods on corrosion inhibitor evaluation, selection, application, and monitoring.

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Assessing Stress Corrosion Cracking Risks on Stainless Steel Piping and Equipment

Product Number: 51317--8899-SG

ISBN: 8899 2017 CP

Author: Tina Tajalli

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper focuses on the risks of polythionic acid and chloride stress corrosion cracking, and reviews the risks from both internal process services and from external atmospheric and/or wet insulation conditions.

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09296 Fracture Analysis of Slow Strain Rate Test for Stress Corrosion Cracking

Product Number: 51300-09296-SG

ISBN: 09296 2009 CP

Author: Russell D. Kane and Anand Venkatesh

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

Recently Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Stress Intentisity Factor analyses of data from Slow Strain Rate tests have been used for Stress COrrosion Cracking evaluation. This methodology has been discussed in detail based on different analytical techniques and the results from laboratory tests have also been presented.

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TM0169-HD1976-SG -Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals for the Process Industries-HD1976

Product Number: 21200-HD1976

Author: NACE

Publication Date: 1976

$179.00

Factors which influence laboratory tests…specimen preparation…apparatus…conditions…temperature, velocity, aeration, volume…supporting specimens, duration of test…cleaning specimens…results…corrosion rates. Historical Document 1976

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Field Application of Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlay in Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Boiler Waterwalls

Product Number: 51320-14660-SG

Author: Jun Jiang, Bingtao Li

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Weld overlay has been successfully used to mitigate high temperature corrosion issues in coal-fired boilers since the1990s, such as in waterwall and superheater/reheater area. Weld overlay is typically applied in shop or field by using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process for boiler waterwall application, and the overlay welding is performed in vertical down welding mode (3G welding position) in subcritical and supercritical boiler waterwall applications. With the rapid development of coal-fired boiler market in China, ultra-supercritical boilers are becoming the dominated boiler type which often has spiral waterwall design. Most of ultra-supercritical coal-fired boiler waterwall consists of CrMo steel tubes, which could suffer severe high temperature corrosion attack after the installation of low NOx burners. It is expected that weld overlay could provide a long-term high temperature corrosion protection for ultra-supercritical boiler waterwall based on previous weld overlay study and application experience. However, for the spiral waterwall with inclined tube design, its field overlay welding is highly challenging and significantly different from typical vertical boiler waterwall overlay welding. The challenge and difference include welding position, welding sequence, welding parameters, and overlay properties, etc. This paper presents a successful field application of 309L stainless steel and 622 Ni-based alloy weld overlay on the spiral waterwall of an ultra-supercritical coal-fired boiler, including the welding development, simulation, and experience of overlay welding on the inclined tubes, along with the characterization of the weld overlay applied.

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Design Considerations for Corrosion Protection of Anaerobic Digesters in Wastewater Trestmant Plants

Product Number: 41215-916-SG

Author: R. A. Nixon

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Protective coatings are used in anaerobic digesters to achieve both corrosion protection and gas tightness. With respect to the need for corrosion protection, anaerobic digesters, under typical operating conditions, do not create exposures which are corrosive to either carbon steel or concrete substrates. This paper will explain the basics of how anaerobic digesters work chemically to stabilize biosolids and demonstrate the atypical operating conditions under which corrosion becomes problematic.

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Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Stagnant Fire Water Lines

Product Number: MECC23-20008-SG

Author: Faisal Al-Refai; Abdulaziz Al-Beajan; Fahad Al-Qanaee; Anas Abdelmotelb; Vinoraj Selvaraj

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Utility water and fire water which is desalinated is supplied by Ministry of Electricity & Water (MEW) and stored in utility/fire water tank (70-T-0002). The process areas and the tanks are protected by desalinated water as fire water backed up by sea water and the buildings are protected completely by desalinated water. Buildings to be protected by desalinated fire water are fire station, maintenance & operation building, warehouse, workshop, laboratory, and administration building. DF water system used in buildings are stagnant and for the fire water in tanks are used frequently.

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RP0187-1987, Design Considerations for Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete

Product Number: 53063-HD1987

ISBN: 1-57590-012·2

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1987

$179.00

Corrosion control guidelines for structures of steel reinforced portland cement concrete. Corrosion criteria during design. Tests of soil and water pH, resistivity, chlorides, sulfates, sulfides, bacteria, etc. Historical Document 1987

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SSPC CPC-1/NACE SP21412-2020, Corrosion Prevention and Control Planning

Product Number: SP21412-2020

Publication Date: 2020

$109.00

Revised in 2020! This standard on corrosion prevention and control (CPC) planning is intended to support future CPC improvements to national acquisition and sustainment of equipment, systems, facilities, and infrastructure at an acceptable cost. It provides a standardized framework for a supplier’s plan to control corrosion of supplied products and structures. The standard is intended for use by public and private facility owners/acquisition agencies that require their suppliers to provide corrosion prevention and control procedures as a deliverable provided with the purchased product, installation, or system. The standard includes:

Attributes of the supplied product, system or facility that require planning for CPC;
Considerations for material selection and design of a product, system or facility to minimize corrosion;
Items or topics that should be addressed in a CPC plan;

Items or topics that should be addressed in CPC planning which affect CPC in design, fabrication and construction, operation and use, and maintenance and sustainability;
Characteristics of the key elements of CPC planning;
New in this revision - Approaches to CPC assessment.

NOTE: Readers should use the latest version of Adobe’s free Acrobat Reader to ensure this document performs as intended. It contains internal hyperlinks that may not perform correctly if other software is used.

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Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625

Product Number: 51324-21033-SG

Author: Annika Talus; Rikard Norling; Alice Moya Núñez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Firing waste wood in thermal power plants can lead to furnace wall corrosion due to corrosive elements such as chlorine, heavy metals, and alkali metals present in the fuel. This study investigates the influence of lead and chlorine on furnace wall corrosion of a low alloyed steel (16Mo3) and a nickel-based alloy (Alloy 625) during two field exposures using an air-cooled probe. Two two-week long test campaigns firing two different waste wood fuels (higher and lower lead and chlorine content) were carried out, exposing samples having metal temperatures in the interval 350-400 °C. The corrosion rates were determined using thickness loss measurements. The samples were examined using SEM/EDS/WDS and XRD techniques, to characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion products. The findings suggest that higher lead and chlorine content in the fuel results in a higher corrosion rate for both materials; aggravated further above 370 °C. On 16Mo3 samples, iron oxides and chlorides, and chlorine-rich compounds are observed. Pits are observed on Alloy 625 samples, filled with nickel- and chromium-containing oxides mixed with corrosive species. The presence of lead compounds (e.g. lead molybdate) in connection to pits suggests active participation of lead in the corrosion process above 370 °C.

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TM0198-2020, “Slow Strain Rate Test Method for Screening Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sour Oilfield Service”

Product Number: TM0198-2020

ISBN: 1-57590-051-3

Publication Date: 2020

$109.00

This standard establishes a slow strain rate (SSR) test method for screening corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) (i.e., stainless steels and nickel-based alloys) for resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at elevated temperatures in sour oilfield production environments. The SSR test, which is relatively short in duration, incorporates a slow, dynamic strain applied at a constant extension rate. This results in acceleration of the initiation of cracking in susceptible materials, thereby simulating rather severe conditions.

The standard specifies reagents, test specimen, test equipment, determination of baseline material properties, environmental and mechanical test conditions, test procedure, and analysis and reporting of test results. It is intended for use by laboratory investigators for screening CRAs for resistance to SCC in sour oilfield service.

This revision extends the scope of the standard to address the screening of precipitation-hardened nickel-based alloys for resistance to hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC) using the SSR test method.

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51318-10938-Performance of Nickel Alloy UNS N06625 Welds in Supercritical H2S Environment

Product Number: 51318-10938-SG

Author: Henry Begg / Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

This paper presents environmental performance data on welded nickel alloy under high temperature, high pressure, ‘ultra-sour’ conditions. Welded coupons of nickel alloy UNS N06625 were subjected to three levels of nominal stress and tested for 30 days.

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51316-7184-Corrosivity of Produced and Make-up Water in Oil Sands Thermal Water Treatment Systems

Product Number: 51316-7184-SG

ISBN: 7184 2016 CP

Author: Tesfaalem Gebremedhin Haile

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

The current paper presents a study on corrosivity of produced water and make-up water on UNS G10180 carbon steel in simulated in-situ thermal operations.

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NACE Technical Committee Report 21413-SG, “Prediction of Internal Corrosion in Oilfield Systems from System Conditions”

Product Number: 21413-SG

ISBN: 1-57590-359-8

Publication Date: 2017

$109.00

Corrosion prediction models. Parameters (CO2, H2S concentrations, microbes, inhibitors, hydrocarbons, type of steel, oxygen, effects of flow and erosion). Task Group 076

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A Paradigm Shift Of Corrosion Management Using IOW Program

Product Number: 51322-17712-SG

Author: Ahmed Al-Yahyaai, Abdullah Al-Maqbali, Naif Al-Abri, Yahya Al-Bulushi

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the current advancements of monitoring the integrity level of the processing facilities using means of Integrity Operating Window (IOW) program. In our company, integrity and material & corrosion departments across the upstream and downstream businesses successfully implemented a well oriented and constructive IOW programs to manage the corrosion risks and monitor the integrity level of the capital assets and proactively assess the situation to prevent loss of primary containment. The technology that sets behind this success is the digitalized approach that gathers information from process, operations, lab services and inspection programs and converts them all into a high-level real-time tracking system that asses the current status of corrosion threats and integrity level.

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04178 Issues and Challenges of Aging Pipeline Coating Infrastructure in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: 51300-04178-SG

ISBN: 04178 2004 CP

Author: Jeremiah Emeka Mbamalu and Frederick Oba Edeko, University of Benin

Publication Date: 2004

$20.00

In Nigeria, the majority of the oil/gas/liquids pipelines are 30 to 50 years old. Most of the pipes were laid on the surface. But these pipelines have become old, corroded and less effective. They fail due to corrosion induced leaks ( resulting from lack of pipeline integrity survey and inadequate corrosion monitoring program design ) as well as vandalism.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in CO2 Liquefaction Plant

Product Number: 51324-20393-SG

Author: Qiang Liu, Lawrence Lau, Shoba Kanda, Luigi Esposito

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Carbon dioxide is produced during ethanol fermentation. In order to prevent CO2 emission, gas CO2 is compressed, dried, liquefied, and injected into the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery. Under the operating condition of 2200 kPag and -20°C, the entrained ethanol is dropped out of liquefied CO2. The separated ethanol phase at local site resulted in trans-granular stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel piping and heat exchangers. The investigation involves CO2/ethanol phase behavior study, sourcing contaminants, and failure analysis. It is concluded that 1) ethanol stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the root cause of the failure in presence of water, chloride and oxygen at pH of 3.0. 2) hydrogen stress cracking is the secondary damage mechanism. Trace of H2S originated from sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in ethanol plant and was carried over to the liquefied CO2. Its concentration was increased in the ethanol phase. Mitigation of SCC is approached by reducing ethanol carry-over, minimizing O2 ingress, and lowering the level of other contaminants.

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Electrochemical Model of Sour Corrosion of Mild Steel - Validation at High H2S Partial Pressures

Product Number: 51317--9098-SG

ISBN: 9098 2017 CP

Author: Saba Navabzadeh Esmaeely

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

H2S corrosion mechanisms, specifically at high partial pressures of H2S (pH2S), have not been extensively studied because of experimental difficulties and associated safety issues. The current study was conducted under well-controlled conditions at pH2S of 0.05 and 0.096 MPa.

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Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection of Braking Systems

Product Number: 51324-20676-SG

Author: Marta Daga; Mary Angel Abello; Arianna Pavesi; Giorgio Valota; Andrea Bonfanti

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The manuscript proposes an advanced study of the corrosion resistance of anodic layers obtained by anodizing different Aluminum/Silicon (AlSi) alloys, typically used in the manufacturing of braking systems. Metallography, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurements and electrochemical noise (EN) -based methods allow to depict the complex interplay between the microstructure of each investigated alloy and their corrosion resistance after anodizing. It is demonstrated that a high Silicon concentration in pristine alloys can: a) modulate the impedance of the obtained anodic layers; and b) generate local thickness variations of the coatings with an associated reduction of the corrosion resistance. In addition, electrochemical noise measurements (ENM) demonstrate that the corrosion resistance and anodizability of the proposed materials follow the order EN AW-6082 > EN AC-42200 > EN AC-43200.

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Development of A Combined Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Subsea Multiphase Oil Field in Brazil

Product Number: 51323-18810-SG

Author: Larry Chen, Nihal Obeyesekere, Aline Kina, Lisa Greaney

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This production asset located in the deep-water offshore Brazil, producing heavy oil in the range of 16 to 24 oAPI. Mudline caisson separators with electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are used to process fluids from multiple wells and boost them to the receiving floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel(1). There are significant flow-assurance and corrosion challenges in operating the asset. One of the challenges is the production fields have limited subsea umbilical, necessitate the use of
multifunctional products to maintain the field’s integrity and mitigate any flow assurance and scale issues.

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An Organometallic Ester Corrosion Inhibitor for Use in Direct-to-Metal Acrylic Paints

Product Number: 41212-681-SG

Author: John E. Hughes

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Traditionally, the light industrial/general maintenance paint systems involved a primer along with multiple coats of acrylic finish paint to achieve acceptable corrosion resistance over mild steel substrates. The new Direct-To-Metal (DTM) acrylic paints are formulated to eliminate the primer and perform as a primer and as a tough finish coat in a single paint, reducing the time and materials needed for complete coverage

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11351 The Corrosion of Superduplex Stainless Steel in Different Types of Seawater

Product Number: 51300-11351-SG

ISBN: 2011 11351 CP

Author: R Francis, G Byrne and G Warburton

Publication Date: 2011

$20.00

Superduplex stainless steels have been used in seawater systems since 1986 as castings and since 1990 as wrought product. The present paper describes some of the service environments commonly in use and the conditions that give rise to specific operating potentials. The limits of use under these conditions are described utilizing both laboratory and service experience.

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Effect Of Organic Solvent On Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in CO2 environment

Product Number: 51322-17942-SG

Author: Xi Wang, Shuai Ren, Yi He, David Young, Marc Singer, Maalek Mohamed-Said, and Sheyla Camperos

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion inhibitors is commonly used to combat internal corrosion of mild steel pipelines in oil and gas production and transmission systems. Since the corrosive environment and flow conditions could vary in different fields, small scale laboratory testing is essential to determine the effectiveness of inhibitors in specific corrosive environments. To ensure the accuracy of inhibitor dosage in a small-scale lab setup, the inhibitor often needs to be pre-diluted before addition to the test electrolyte. This pre-dilution has the potential to lead to experimental errors. However, little information can be found about pre-dilution steps, and their influence on inhibition phenomena, in the open literature.

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Modeling Lead and Copper Corrosion and Solubility in Municipal Water Distribution Systems

Product Number: 51317--9104-SG

ISBN: 9104 2017 CP

Author: Robert Ferguson

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A two-fold approach to computer modeling of lead and copper corrosion, and the maximum solubility of same in the municipal water. Uses: 1. Model lead and copper corrosion. 2. Model the maximum solubility of same. 3. Predict the impact of changing water sources. 4. Predict the impact of treatments.

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Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitor Gel Filler Retention in Shorted Casings: A Pressure Test Study

Product Number: 51324-21135-SG

Author: Juan Dominguez Olivo; Alexander Roytman; Mikhail Ivanov; Terry Natale; Yefim Vaks

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Pipelines casings regulated by PHMSA require the mitigation of shorted casings. One method that aligns with the PHMSA guidelines is the utilization of NACE SP0200. This standard recommends using a corrosion-inhibiting gel filler that transforms from the viscosity of water to a high-viscosity gel, providing effective sealing and corrosion protection. However, concerns exist regarding the potential loss of the inhibitor filler during its application. While some operators opt for pneumatic pressure tests instead of hydrotests to minimize contamination and reduce costs, the rapid loss of pressure in a pneumatic test does not equate to a rapid loss of corrosion inhibitor gel. To address this concern, a custom-designed pressure chamber was employed to simulate casing defects ranging from 5 to 13 mm in the worst-case scenario (6 o'clock position). Corrosion inhibitor gel filler was injected into the chamber and then pressurized to a maximum of 20 psia (~1.4 bar). The pressure was released through the different simulated defects and the corrosion inhibitor filler loss was recorded. The study revealed that inhibitor retention remained satisfactory. In the worst-case scenario, the maximum loss of corrosion inhibitor gel filler recorded was approximately 1 to 5% of the injected solution.

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RP0472-HD1987-SG-Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments

Product Number: 21006-HD1987

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1987

$179.00

Guidelines to prevent in-service cracking of welds on P-1 steel equipment….factors… (1) corrosive environment, (2) hardness, and (3) total stress. Historical Document 1987

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Use of Corrosion Rate Probes to Evaluate Pipeline Cathodic Protection Performance

Product Number: 51317--9180-SG

ISBN: 9180 2017 CP

Author: Vera Kustova

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A natural gas transmission pipeline is routed through South Texas where cathodic protection levels can vary significantly throughout the year. This paper discusses the use of precision electrical resistance type corrosion rate probes and remote monitoring of the probe corrosion rate.

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Infrastructure Corrosion Issues and Solutions on Military Bases

Product Number: 51317--9212-SG

ISBN: 9212 2017 CP

Author: Vinod Agarwala

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Many hangars, shelters and silos used for storage of military weapons systems are several decades old and have started to show signs of aging and corrosion assisted damage of support structures. Case study.

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Is it MIC or Pitting Corrosion? An Insight in a Common Overlapping

Product Number: 51320-14719-SG

Author: Mohammed Al Muaisub

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Although Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a critical damage mechanism that had been researched for decades in different environments, yet diagnosing a specific industrial failure to be attributed to MIC can still be challenging. The challenge of accurately identifying an MIC failure is partially due to the similarity of the failure morphology with other damage mechanisms, e.g., pitting corrosion due to chloride. Furthermore, the variously proposed initiation and propagation mechanisms for different types of bacteria may illustrate to the failure analyst that the MIC mechanisms are not yet well established. The confusion of MIC failure identification could also be aggravated by the fact that the presence of bacteria in a system does not necessarily mean that MIC is the culprit. Therefore, this paper will shed some light on the overlapping areas between MIC and pitting corrosion, especially the morphology of the attack. Moreover, several steps will be highlighted and discussed on how to correctly identify if MIC is the culprit in a specific failure.

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NACE Publication 61114-2014-SG, "Underdeposit Corrosion (UDC) Testing and Mitigation Methods in the Oil and Gas Industry"

Product Number: 24253-SG

Publication Date: 2014

$109.00

Methods used in the oil and gas industry to test and mitigate under deposit corrosion (UDC) in pipeline environments.

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TM0194-HD1994-SG Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oilfield Systems-HD1994

Product Number: 21224-HD1994

Author: NACE International

Publication Date: 1994

$179.00

Field test methods for estimating bacterial populations commonly found in oilfield systems. Historical Document 1994

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Corrosion Study Of Austenitic Stainless Steels During HDO Upgrading Process By Supercritical Ethanol Under Different Hydrogen Resource Conditions

Product Number: 51322-18031-SG

Author: Mingyuan Zhanga, Kaiyang Lib, Xue Hanb, Yimin Zengb, Chunbao Xua

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Biofuels are renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels since the latter are depleting and their application lead to serious environmental impacts.¹ Fast pyrolysis is an industrial approach to convert a larger amount of raw biomass into bio-oils in a timely fashion. However, their poor qualities, such as low thermal stability, high water and acid contents, and low heating value, make them not ready f to be as transportation fuels directly.^2,3 Moreover, their high water content and acidity can introduce corrosion concern during handling, storage , transportation and upgrading.⁴

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Corrosion Under Insulation Performance Of Insulation Stand-Offs And Non-Metallic Membranes

Product Number: 51322-17618-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, Graham Brigham, Omar Chaar,George Jarjoura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is among the key damage mechanisms which poses integrity risk to the hydrocarbon facilities. CUI is reportedly known as the reason behind 40-60% of failures in the facility piping whereas small bore piping (i.e., NPS < 4”) are even more sensitive to CUI failures, where up to 81% of reported failures in small-sized piping are known to be from CUI. Monetary spending to inspect and fix CUI-related failures cost 10% of overall maintenance budget in a typical medium-sized oil refinery. CUI risk is influenced by numerous operational and environmental factors which impedes its management in a typical AIM (Asset integrity management) program.

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Stress-Assisted Corrosion Of A Superheater Tube: The Role Of Thermal Fatigue Cracking And Crevice Corrosion In The Failure Mechanism

Product Number: 51321-16530-SG

Author: Ewa Labuda/ W.B.A. (Sandy) Sharp

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

01052 CORROSION INHIBITION AND DRAG REDUCTION IN MULTIPHASE FLOW

Product Number: 51300-01052-SG

ISBN: 01052 2001 CP

Author: V. Jovancicevic, S. Ramachandran, Y.S. Ahn, B. A. M. Oude Alink

$20.00

Available for download

Effect of Oxygen in Back Purging Gas on Corrosion Resistance of Super Duplex Welded Joints

Product Number: 51324-21111-SG

Author: Tatiana C. Almeida; Rogaciano M. Moreira; Merlin C. E. Bandeira; Oscar R. Mattos; Flávia M. F. Guedes

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Several offshore pipelines in Pre-salt fields, Brazil, are made of Super Duplex stainless steel. When welded, in general, these materials present a decrease in its corrosion resistance. Welding procedures, materials properties, surface conditions and post-weld treatment have influence on the resistance to local corrosion Although there is a strict control regarding the contamination of back purging gas with oxygen, sometimes, this control may fail and the oxygen content may exceed this limit. Understanding if the pitting corrosion resistance is affected by a higher oxygen level and how a post-weld surface treatment by pickling and passivation can improve the corrosion resistance is important in situations where the control of oxygen content is limited. In the present study, specimens welded with back purging gas containing 100 ppm and 200 ppm of oxygen and without back purging gas were investigated through ASTM (1) G48- A, and through ASTM G48 method E6. The pitting resistance was improved after post-weld surface treatment for super duplex stainless steel.

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98294 THE ROLE OF BIOMINERALIZATION IN MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION

Product Number: 51300-98294-SG

ISBN: 98294 1998 CP

Author: Brenda J. Little, Patricia A. Wagner, Zbigniew Lewandowski

$20.00

Available for download

Corrosion Failures of Stainless Steel Plate Exchangers in Oil Sands Pond Effluent Water

Product Number: 51324-20821-SG

Author: Reinaldo J Chung; Marilin Garcia; Jiaren (Jimmy) Jiang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The premature failure of various plate exchangers used in pond effluent water service were investigated to identify the failure mechanism and take the necessary corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence. All the exchangers were made of austenitic stainless steel 316L plates. The heat exchanger units served to recover the waste heat, and to heat up the pond effluent water which is used for the primary extraction process. The study included a review of the equipment design and original materials selection criteria, chemical analysis of the water streams and characterization of the scales, metallurgical and electrochemical testing of the 316L plates in the lab under representative conditions. Results of the investigation and recommendations are discussed throughout the paper.

Available for download

Galvanic Corrosion Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Product Number: MECC23-20192-SG

Author: Laith Haboubi; George Sergi C.Eng.; David Whitmore P.Eng

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structural elements is a major worldwide problem [1]. Chlorides can be introduced into the concrete via de-icing salts, seawater, high salinity groundwater or sabkha soils [1.2]. This leads to localised breakdown of the normally passive steel reinforcement in the form of pitting corrosion [2].

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Analysis of Internal Corrosion Monitoring Data in Relation to ILI Results

Product Number: 51323-19433-SG

Author: Yevgeniy Petrov, Megan Scudder

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Currently pipeline operators use coupons and other monitoring data to determine if internal corrosion is active. Coupons are relatively easy to install, typically taking 1-2 days and cost around $10,000. This makes this method for collecting data attractive to operators.

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Wireline Cable: Corrosion of Galvanized Armor Wires in Aqueous Drilling Fluids

Product Number: 51324-20674-SG

Author: John Staniland; Madhuri Gummadi; Anatoly Medvedev; Trevor Hughes; Evgeny Barmatov

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper describes a methodology for the investigation of corrosion of galvanized armor wires used in the construction of wireline logging cables. The methodology involves a detailed characterization of the wires to determine the characteristics of the zinc coating and Zn/Fe alloy zones. Model brine solutions and fully formulated drilling fluids were used to quantify the corrosion of galvanized armor wires in the aqueous fluid system (AFS) using weight-loss analysis and electrochemical techniques. A novel corrosion test protocol was developed to accurately measure both zinc dissolution and surface oxidation of the zinc coating. The degradation of the zinc coating was determined as a function of brine composition, oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature. The effectiveness of a grease coating applied to the wire sample surfaces prior to exposure to the brine was evaluated.

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Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Product Number: 51320-14413-SG

Author: Shujun Gao, Bruce Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sweet (CO2) and sour (H2S) corrosion have continuously been a challenge in oil and gas production and transportation. Yet, some key issues are still not well understood, especially at high temperature production conditions. A CO2/H2S ratio of 500, which has been used (often inaccurately) to determine which corrosion mechanism is dominant, is probably even less valid at high temperature. The nature of the corrosion products forming at high temperature in CO2/H2S environments and their effects on the corrosion rate are not known. Finally, the impact on pipeline integrity of environmental changes between sweet and sour production conditions (simulating reservoir souring) has not been well documented. CO2, H2S, and CO2/H2S corrosion experiments were conducted at 120oC to investigate corrosion mechanisms and corrosion product layer formation at high temperature. The results show that the corrosion products were still clearly dominated by H2S under the pCO2/pH2S ratio of 550. Formation of Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS corrosion product layers had a direct impact on the measured corrosion rates and was dependent on the gas composition and on the sequence of exposure (CO2 then H2S and vice versa). Compared with H2S corrosion alone, the presence of CO2 could retard Fe3O4 formation in CO2/H2S mixture environment. No obvious change in steady state corrosion rate was observed when the corrosion environment was switched from CO2 to H2S and vice versa.

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Optimization of Internal Corrosion Assessments in Crude Oil Pipelines with Internal Corrosion Predictive Model

Product Number: 51321-16180-SG

Author: C. Onuoha/ E. Pozniak/ S. McDonnell/ V. Shankar/ L. de Guzman/H. Li.

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Ferrite Phase Fraction Quantification in Stress Corrosion Cracked Duplex Welds

Product Number: 51319-13263-SG

Author: Majid Abbasi

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Recent experiences with duplex 2205 stainless steel welds have shown that stress corrosion cracking can occur which may lead tocatastrophic failures. Known microstructural parameters such as ferrite phase fraction seems to play a significant role in crack propagation. Therefore quantifying ferrite phase fraction is an important step in ensuring weld quality. Several methods such as ASTM E562 point count electro-etching color-etching and optical image analysis as well as electron backscattred diffraction (EBSD) are utilized to quantify the ferrite fraction in duplex welds that have failed in service. Results of quantification by these methods are compared in terms of accuracy versatility and ability to apply in-field. Quantification results in cross-sectional samples indicate that local ferrite phase fraction is more meaningful than average fraction as cracks tend to propagate along high ferrite regions. Investigations on a number of cracked welds reveal that initiated cracks from the root pass reach the high ferrite region in coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and propagate along this region into filling passes. Further detailed microstructural results will be presented and discussed.Keywords: Duplex 2205 Stainless Steel; Welding; Ferrite Fraction; Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC).

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51318-10839- Influence of Soil Fungi on Corrosion of Mild Steel Plates

Product Number: 51318-10839-SG

Author: Dharani, R. / Deepalakshmi, R. / Padma Devi, S.N. / Nithya Meenakshi S. / Nalini, D.

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Five fungal organisms were isolated using Starkey media from the soil of corroded pipeline tank. The influence of these fungal isolates on both rusted and non – rusted mild steel plates were studied for a period of 25 days.

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Effect Of Dissolved Oxygen On Carbon Steel Corrosion And Particulate Formation In Water Injection Systems. Part 2: Rotating Cage Experiments

Product Number: 51324-20817-SG

Author: Jose Vera; Ken Evans; Conchita Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Seawater treatment for secondary recovery injection typically includes controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) below 20 ppb using a combination of mechanical deaeration and oxygen scavenger injection. However, upsets can occur during operation, which may temporarily increase DOC above the specified values. These DOC excursions may not only significantly increase corrosion rates but also produce corrosion product particles in suspension. The potential influence of suspended particles produced by corrosion in water injection systems’ performance during water injection operations is not well understood. An electrochemically modified rotating cage autoclave (RCA) setup was used in conjunction with a particle analyzer instrument to correlate dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), corrosion rates and particulate formation in real-time. Dissolved oxygen and pH were also continuously monitored throughout the tests. All testing was performed in a seawater simulant brine at 32°C. The effect of consecutive DOC excursions from 20 ppb to either 100 ppb or 1000 ppb were evaluated at two different flow velocities. The key findings from the testing can be summarized as follows: (1) there is a clear and significant interaction between flow velocity and the corrosion rates caused by the DOC excursions, which is not considered in the available predictive models; (2) localized corrosion was observed mainly on tests with 1000 ppb excursions; (3) The suspended particle concentration starts to increase after the total accumulated iron produced by corrosion reaches a minimum value, usually shortly after the first DOC excursion, and the mean particle size increases, reaching a maximum between 20 and 50 µm.

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In-Situ Observation Of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Initiation Site In Linepipe Steels

Product Number: 51322-17816-SG

Author: Taishi Fujishiro, Kyono Yasuda, Takuya Hara, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Eiji Tada, Mitsuo Kimura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods or line pipes are exposed to wet H2S environments (sour environments) in some cases. The presence of H2S in the sour environment enhances hydrogen entry into the steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon observed in sour conditions.

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