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The Path Towards More Consistent Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors Used in the Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: MECC23-20250-SG

Author: Sankara Papavinasam, Ph. D., FNACE, FASTM; Trevor Place, P. Eng.

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Time-tested and proven methods to control corrosion of oil and gas industry infrastructures (pipelines, facilities, and refineries) include the use of appropriate materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection (CP), and corrosion inhibitors.

Criteria for evaluation, qualification, and selection of materials, coatings and application of CP are
quantitative and are typically followed rigorously (Table 1). Standards on these quantitative criteria are established, and in many cases have been adopted by regulatory authorities.

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Asset Corrosion Protection Program - San Antonio Power Plants

Product Number: 41213-782-SG

Author: Mario Sanjuan, Kirk Wissmar

Publication Date: 2013

$20.00

The City Public Service Board of San Antonio, Texas (CPS Energy) is the largest municipally owned gas and electric utility company in the nation. CPS Energy owns a fleet of power generation plants with a combined output of over 4,500 MW. In 2011, CPS initiated an Asset Corrosion-Protection Program for its power generating facilities to proactively protect its assets from coating degradation and premature corrosion.

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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Failure Of Ni-Coated Carbon Steel Fittings In Enhanced Oil Recovery Water Injection Service

Product Number: 51322-17793-SG

Author: Moavin Islam, Amal Al-Borno, Chad Walz

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper presents the findings of an investigation that was carried out to determine the root cause of the premature failure of Ni-coated carbon steel fittings on the water injection composite piping system installed at an oil production facility in Western Canada. The facility had been in operation since 2011 without major corrosion issues. Many of the Ni-coated fittings, which are expected to have a service life of 20 years, started to fail (developed leaks) unexpectedly after about 4 years. The core structure of composite pipe is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) inner pipe, a middle layer of high-strength dry fiberglass, and a protective thermoplastic outer jacket. The interconnecting fittings are made of carbon steel coated with a thin, ~40 micron (1.5 mil) layer of Nickel.

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Modern Corrosion Testing: From Traditional Salt Spray Test to the Latest Innovative Methods with Advanced Environmental Controls

Product Number: 41216-962-SG

Author: Sean Fowler, Jeffery Quill

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

A century ago, automotive companies developed the laboratory salt spray corrosion test method standardized in ASTM B117. Even then they knew this quality control test did not produce realistic exposures. Wet-dry cyclic tests provided modest improvements in correlation and have been used in architectural applications for many years.

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51318-11492- A Multifunctional Fiber Optic Sensor for Internal Corrosion Monitoring in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51318-11492-SG

Author: Ping Lu / Ruishu F. Wright / Margaret Ziomek-Moroz / Michael P. Buric / Paul Zandhuis /

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

A novel optical fiber sensor is being developed to monitor the internal corrosion processes in natural gas transmission pipelines.

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Black Powder Formation by Dewing and Hygroscopic Corrosion Processes

Product Number: 51317--9029-SG

ISBN: 9029 2017 CP

Author: Martin Colahan

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Black powder production is poorly understood. Steel specimens were systematically exposed to a range of CO2, H2S, and O2 partial pressures at differing water condensation rates. Hygroscopic material assisting black powder formation was also investigated.

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Multitask Learning Framework For Screening Of Corrosion Inhibitors For Mild Steel

Product Number: 51322-17757-SG

Author: Abhishek Agarwal, Pradeep Rathore, Dharmendr Kumar, Sri Harsha Nistala, S Sanjana, Vinay Jain, Beena Rai

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion of metallic structures is a ubiquitous problem in industries such as power generation, oil and gas, pulp and paper, metals processing etc. which also results in significant financial losses. According to the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) International report, the global cost of corrosion was ~ 2.5 trillion USD in 2013 - close to 3.4 percent GDP of the entire world. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the most effective and economical ways to mitigate corrosion of metal and alloy components. Corrosion inhibitors are substances that are added in small quantities in corrosive media to protect metal and alloy components from corrosion.

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51316-7265-Corrosion Behavior of Cr and Cu Containing Low Alloys Steels in Solution

Product Number: 51316-7265-SG

ISBN: 7265 2016 CP

Author: Qiu Xu

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Four low carbon steels with different Cr and Cu concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying elements on their corrosion behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution diluted hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid (pH=1.4-1.5) respectively. Electrochemical measurement and immersion test at room temperature characterized the corrosion behavior and evaluated the corrosion rate.

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NACE Publication 5A195-1995-SG, State-of-the-Art Report on Controlled-Flow Laboratory Corrosion Tests

Product Number: 24187-SG

ISBN: 5A195 Controlle

$109.00

Effect of single-phase flow velocity on corrosion. Mass transfer, differential mass transfer & hydrodynamic shear. For engineers and technicians in laboratory corrosion testing. Experiment design. Protocol. Correlation. Feasibility.

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SP0198-2010-SG, "Control of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing Materials—A Systems Approach" (Redline)<br><em>Redline versions of standards show the changes to the current edition of the standard since the last edition. Changes are shown in underline and strikeout. With the Redline, users will be able to quickly identify additions and deletions from the previous version.</em>

Product Number: 21167-SG

ISBN: 1-57970-049-1

Publication Date: 2010

$179.00

Redline versions of standards show the changes to the current edition of the standard since the last edition. Changes are shown in underline and strikeout. With the Redline, users will be able to quickly identify additions and deletions from the previous version.

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05638 Corrosion Management for an Offshore Sour Gas Pipeline System

Product Number: 51300-05638-SG

ISBN: 05638 2005 CP

Author: Ian Rippon, Shell Global Solutions

$20.00

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Statistical Analysis Of U.S. Reportable Onshore Hazardous Liquid And Natural Gas Pipeline Accidents/Incidents From January 2010 To January 2021 Caused By External Corrosion Page 2

Product Number: 51322-18525-SG

Author: Alvaro A. Rodriguez

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In this paper, several cases will be showcased to highlight the contributing causes and underlying mechanisms of corrosion damage of components that resulted in significant releases of hazardous substances onto operator’s property, rights-of-way, and the environment. The objectives of this paper are to understand the causes of the failures and their consequences, to identify the risk factors involved, to discuss mitigative measures after failure, and to observe trends that may indicate the need for additional preventative and mitigative actions. The over-riding goal is to provide details in areas for potential improvement in pipeline operations to reduce risk and improve integrity management.

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Pitfalls And Artefacts In Corrosion Experiments With Dense Phase CO2

Product Number: 51321-16667-SG

Author: Bjørn Helge Morland; Gaute Svenningsen

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Titanium in Bromide-Containing Solutions

Product Number: 51312-01253-SG

ISBN: 01253 2012 CP

Author: Bahri Ozturk

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Experiments to determine the critical pitting temperature of several alloys in calcium bromide solutions using the ASTM G150 electrochemical critical pitting test procedures. Similar experiments were also conducted in solutions containing equal concentrations (by weight) of chlorides and bromide.

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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion by General Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Oil & Gas Separators

Product Number: 51320-14365-SG

Author: Amer Jarragh, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Yousef Khuraibut, Hasan Bu Taleb, Dr. Ali Moosavi

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

By far, the microbiological species most associated with corrosion has been Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB). Majority of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) research has focused on the activities of this type of bacteria. One of the primary reasons for this has been the presence of iron sulfides in corrosion products associated with MIC. SRB reduce sulfates to sulfides, which then react with iron and steel. However, an accepted fact is that MIC is also caused by the action of the biofilm produced by bacteria, in a similar way to under-deposit corrosion.

The primary method used to prevent MIC in the oil and gas industry is by use of biocides. The criteria used for selection of biocides is often their proficiency to kill SRB. The danger with this is that one can neglect the ability of other bacteria frequently found in oil and gas environment, such as general aerobes and general anaerobes to cause corrosion by biofilm production. This became evident when severe general & pitting corrosion was observed in two oil and gas separators in one of the facilities in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), where SRB levels were zero but significant numbers of sessile and planktonic general aerobes and general anaerobes were found to be present in the process.

Using microbiological and chemical analysis, the mechanism of this type of MIC, specially the relationship between the quantity of various biofilm-forming bacteria and nature and magnitude of corrosion has been studied and the findings are presented in this paper.

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Correlation Studies between Outdoor Exposure and Accelerated Laboratory Corrosion Tests in Cold Alaskan Climate

Product Number: 51323-19384-SG

Author: Raghu Srinivasan, Tyler Cushman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Atmospheric corrosion of metal alloys in cold environments is assumed to be negligible. However, studies in the Arctic and Antarctic regions have shown significant corrosion damage when exposed to cold conditions. While thermodynamically this is correct, other factors in such environments can be responsible for driving corrosion.

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Quantification of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Injection Water Pipelines

Product Number: 51317--9343-SG

ISBN: 9343 2017 CP

Author: Uffe Thomsen

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

MIC-causing microorganisms were investigated in a 16” diameter and 9.6 km long injection water pipeline. Nitrate was added to the water and pigging debris from the pipeline showed that both sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), nitrate-utilizing bacteria, and methanogens were present in numbers of 105 – 106 cells/g.

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51317-8938 The Influence of Salt Loading Density on the Atmospheric Corrosion of Aluminum

Product Number: 51317-8938-SG

Author: Rebecca F. Schaller / Jason M. Taylor / Eric J. Schindelholz

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Comparisons with improved data accuracy of installed sensors in lieu of larger quantities of manual spot data are presented. This paper will include the design principles used in the creation of this next-generation platform, end-user input used to refine the design, and recent installation and operational experiences.

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51318-10868-A Functional Test Program for Assessing Internal Corrosion Monitoring Probes’ Performance

Product Number: 51318-10868-SG

Author: Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari / Amer Jarragh / Surya Prakash / S.Mathusoothanan

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

A functional test program designed with laboratory conditions suitable for the field corrosive situations and screening the performance of ER and LPR probe types for further application in the field.

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Inspection and Mitigation of Corrosion for Pipe Cable Systems

Product Number: 51321-16434-SG

Author: Frank Rea

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Ambient Curing and Thermosetting of Polyurea and Polyurethane Castable Liner

Product Number: 41210-524-SG

Author: Dustin Le, Mike Babiarz

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

For the last several decades, polyurethane/polyurea spray-applied elastomeric coatings have gained market acceptance as durable, and long-lasting protective coatings. With the advances of the high-pressure impingement spray equipment technology during mid-to-late 1980’s, fast setting, two component polyurethane/polyurea coatings finally have a fighting chance in the protective coatings market.

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An Overlooked Corrosion Risk? The Incompatibility of Biocides and Oxygen Scavengers

Product Number: 51317--9060-SG

ISBN: 9060 2017 CP

Author: Ben Folwell

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of isothiazolinone compared to DBNPA against three representative groups of oilfield bacteria, at a range of concentrations in the presence and absence of an oxygen scavenger.

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96233 Corrosion Inhibition in Naval Vessels

Product Number: 51300-96233-SG

ISBN: 96233 1996 CP

Author: K. L. Vasanth

$20.00

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Development of reliable accelerated corrosion tests for aluminum alloys used in the aerospace industry

Product Number: 51323-19133-SG

Author: Fabienne Peltier, Dominique Thierry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Aluminum alloys exhibit good resistance to atmospheric corrosion due to the presence of a fine, passive oxide layer. Nevertheless, these alloys are not immune to corrosion which can take the form of localized corrosion like pitting, intergranular or exfoliation corrosion. Thus, the assessment of the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys under atmospheric conditions is a major topic for many applications including the aerospace industry.

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04709 Field Experience in the Application of Spoolable Carbon Composite Line Pipe

Product Number: 51300-04709-SG

ISBN: 04709 2004 CP

Author: David L. Poshard, HYDRIL Advanced Composites

$20.00

Available for download

Corrosion Resistance Of Stainless Steel Pipelines In Seawater During Pre-Comissioning Phase

Product Number: 51323-19137-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur, Tran Quang Tung, Nicolas Larché

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In Oil & Gas industries, Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Mo alloys with Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) lower than 40 could be selected for Rigid Production subsea risers, pipeline, and associated structure’s piping, according to a CO2/H2S corrosion assessment that considers all steady and transient conditions foreseen to operate the reservoir.

However, there are frequently some localized corrosion concerns for these materials during the installation and pre-commissioning of the line, when the internal surface of the line could be in contact temporarily with untreated seawater. These concerns systematically lead to discard the selection of these materials and to select, for conservative purpose, UNS N06625 that is admitted immune to localized corrosion in ambient seawater in international standard and operator’s specification, whatever the outcomes of the CO2/H2 corrosion assessment.

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Improved Performance Testing for Coatings in Corrosive Service

Product Number: 41205-199-SG

Author: Greg Ruschau

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

Improved selection of testing protocols for corrosion coatings, along with proper interpretation of the results, allows for a better representation of how coatings will perform in service. A review of several types of corrosive service environments is presented, including the testing normally performed, along with a more in depth look at how to quantify performance variables in a rating system based on individual test results.

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51316-7789-Mixtures Of Acid And Natural Substances With Low Environmental Impact In The Production Of Anodized

Product Number: 51316-7789-SG

ISBN: 7789 2016 CP

Author: Oladis de Rincón

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

In this work 57 anodized aluminum bath systems were evaluated, based on different organic acid mixtures (oxalic/O and citric/C), inorganic (sulfuric/S, phosphoric/P and boric/B) and additives with natural substances (Dividivi/A Tannin/B, Aloe Vera/C, Neem/D and Mango leaves/E).

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51317--9779-Pitting Corrosion in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Potassium-Based Electrolytes

Product Number: 51317--9779-SG

ISBN: 9779 2017 CP

Author: Somi Doja

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

AZ31 (UNS M11311) is a wrought magnesium alloy used in aerospace and automotive applications. In this work, KOH-based electrolytes were used to study the corrosion behavior of AZ31 alloy in highly alkaline environment. The effect of dopants and exposure time on pit initiation was studied via optical and scanning electron microscopy.

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Corrosion Perforation Failure Analysis Of Inside Coating Sewage Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17704-SG

Author: Zhan Zheng, Xing Yunying, Liu Xiaotong, Li Fang, Zeng Wenguang, Chen Yingfeng, Yang Zhiwen, Zhang Lei, Zhang Jiangjiang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion exists in the whole process of oil exploitation. Pipeline failure caused by corrosion can cause serious economic losses and Security incidents. Due to corrosion factors such as ions and bacteria introduced by sewage, the service environment of the sewage transmission pipeline between the sewage station and the water injection pressurization station studied in this paper becomes more serious[1]. Pipeline corrosion prevention becomes more challenging.

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04298 Corrosion Evaluation of a High Performance Cu-Based Alloy for Seawater Applications

Product Number: 51300-04298-SG

ISBN: 04298 2004 CP

Author: John O. Ratka, Brush Wellman Inc.; Manuel N. Maligas, FMC Technologies

Publication Date: 2004

$20.00

In seawater, higher strength nickel-copper alloys are used as alternatives to copper alloys. These can be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement in conditions where cathodic protection is utilized. Copper-Nickel-Tin alloys (CuNiSn) show low corrosion rates in the free and coupled conditions. Resistance to hydrogen embrittlement is demonstrated.

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99353 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF FAC DAMAGE IN POWER PIANTS

Product Number: 51300-99353-SG

ISBN: 99353 1999 CP

Author: Yogendra S. Garud, Phil Besuner, and Marvin J. Cohn

$20.00

Available for download

08194 Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steels in High pH Caustic Solution

Product Number: 51300-08194-SG

ISBN: 08194 2008 CP

Author: Ananya Bhattacharya and Preet Singh

Publication Date: 2008

$20.00

Investigating corrosion properties and electrochemical behavior of different grades of duplex stainless steels with varying chemical composition and microstructure in high pH caustic and sulfide containing caustic solutions at different temperatures.

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Challenges Of Mitigating AC Interference Risks In A 107 Km Multi-Pipeline Corridor

Product Number: 51322-17949-SG

Author: Wolfgang Fieltsch, Paul Murray

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This case study involves an NPS 36, 107 km long pipeline (Pipeline A) installed in 2016. The subject pipeline is collocated with an NPS 30 pipeline constructed in 1999 (Pipeline B), for the entire route, and two additional pipelines near the start of its route (Pipelines C and D), all owned by the same operator.

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SP0487-2019, Considerations in the Selection and Evaluation of Rust Preventives and Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Interim (Temporary) Corrosion Protection

Product Number: 21037-2019

ISBN: 1-57590-097-1

Publication Date: 2019

$109.00

Provides guidance and best practices to users of interim, or temporary, coatings for corrosion protection of metals, including performance criteria, selection, surface preparation and application, evaluation of coatings, and other usage requirements. Quality control criteria are listed to enable the manufacturer and user to select appropriate test procedures to maintain prescribed standards. The standard is intended to assist the new buyer or user as well as the experienced user of interim coatings in the proper selection and evaluation of these coatings.

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Preventing Corrosion under Insulation in Piping - Trends after Evaluating Digital Data from Thousands of Piping Circuits

Product Number: 51323-18871-SG

Author: Eddie Sanchez, Michael Townsend, Michael Nichols, Katherine Jonsson, Eric Sjerve, Ana Benz

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Extensive guidelines have been published for selecting where to search for corrosion under insulation (CUI). The guidelines are based on CUI failures and near misses. Piping CUI inspection programs collect the data outlined as relevant in specific company practices.

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51318-10512-Effects of nitride precipitation in duplex stainless steel

Product Number: 51318-10512-SG

Author: Marco De Marco / Marco Palombo / Anthony Pianezze / Abderrahmane Taiche / Valentina Spinelli / Marina Delucchi

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

The aim of this paper is to find a correlation between nitride content/distribution and properties of two of the largely adopted Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS), UNS* S32205 and UNS S32750. *Unified Numbering System

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NACE SP0499-2012 "Corrosion Control and Monitoring in Seawater Injection Systems"

Product Number: 21237-SG

Publication Date: 2012

$179.00

HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. For corrosion engineers and others involved in corrosion control of seawater injection systems. Controlling and monitoring for corrosion, bacteria, and water quality. Equipment and practices.

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06612 EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN ON THE CORROSION RATE OF TITANIUM IN GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL ENVIRONMENTS

Product Number: 51300-06612-SG

ISBN: 06612 2006 CP

Author: H. Inoue, T. Lee, R. Nishimura

$20.00

Available for download

AMPP Guide 21567-2024, Guide for Sampling Program Development in Hydrocarbon Production, Transportation and Processing

Product Number: AMPP Guide 21567-2024

Publication Date: 2024

$109.00

The intent of this document is to describe the major aspects of the sampling process, from specific sample identification, determination of analytical requirements, through sample point design, to sample collection. Consideration of these aspects is necessary for the development of robust and safe sampling programs, protocols, and procedures to facilitate indirect corrosion monitoring.

This document is to assist end users in the development of sampling programs. The guidance is structured to provide an awareness of the major aspects of program design, which if not addressed, may have a significant negative impact on the overall performance of these programs. While this document has been primarily developed with a focus on sampling for indirect internal corrosion monitoring; the basic concepts have a broader applicability and may be of benefit to those developing sampling programs in other areas or for other requirements.

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Factors Affecting Vapor Phase H2S Concentrations in Asphalt and Mitigation via Scavengers

Product Number: 51317--9449-SG

ISBN: 9449 2017 CP

Author: Kyle Cattanach

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This work will examine and document the conditions that influence the phenomena of H2S generation, and generate quantitative data on the H2S removal performance of the oil soluble fully dispersible transition metal chemistry based H2S scavenger product line.

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Corrosion Condition Assessment Program For Marine Asset Management

Product Number: 51322-17750-SG

Author: Jeffrey S. West, Casey Jones, Stephen W. Foster

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper describes the development of a formal corrosion inspection and condition assessment program to support corrosion and asset management planning for maritime structures at Port Houston. A hierarchical, elemental-based inspection approach was developed using visual inspection criteria and prescribed measurements to characterize the condition of coatings and cathodic protection systems for above- and underwater elements in maritime structures.

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08265 Modeling of Carbonate-Bicarbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels

Product Number: 51300-08265-SG

ISBN: 08265 2008 CP

Author: Robert A. Cottis and Maftah H. Alkathafi

Publication Date: 2008

$20.00

This project has been concerned with the physical and numerical modeling of the conditions developed under disbonded coatings on steel, with a view to understanding the processes responsible for the conditions that lead to stress corrosion cracking.

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Electrochemistry of Mackinawite Electrodes in Sour Aqueous Solutions

Product Number: 51317--9319-SG

ISBN: 9319 2017 CP

Author: Morten Tjelta|

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The main objective was to obtain current-potential relations for iron sulfides which can be taken into a modelling framework, thereby allowing the estimation of the galvanic coupling between carbon steel and iron sulfides under different environmental conditions.

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Considering Mass Transfer in Refinery Crude Distillation Overhead Water Wash

Product Number: 51323-18757-SG

Author: Joel E. Lack

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper proposes a theory for how a successful water wash achieves salt corrosion control, the mass-transfer considerations driving this process and how popular practices may contribute to or hinder successful outcomes.

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Elemental Sulfur and Speciation in High Pressure High Temperatures Oil and Gas Well Environments: Their Role in Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys

Product Number: 51317--9035-SG

ISBN: 9035 2017 CP

Author: Yuhchae Yoon

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper reviews both available stress corrosion cracking data and test methodologies involving additions of elemental sulfur using several procedures. It utilizes thermodynamic modeling to assess the chemical speciation of elemental sulfur under selected test conditions.

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03387MONITORING OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN THE FIELD.

Product Number: 51300-03387-SG

ISBN: 03387 2003 CP

Author: John Broomfield, Kevin Davies, Karel Hladky, Paul Noyce

$20.00

Available for download

CO2 corrosion H2S corrosion Organic Acid Corrosion - a Unifying Perspective on Corrosion Mechanisms in Weak Acid Solutions

Product Number: 51319-12876-SG

Author: Aria Kahyarian

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The recent developments in understanding the mechanism of mild steel corrosion in the presence of carboxylic acids carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide has challenged the conventional view to corrosion in such environments. In all of these corrosion scenarios the experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrochemical behavior of these systems has shown that the dissociation of the weak acids present in these solutions are the main cause for the observed high corrosivity. That is in contrast with the conventional mechanistic understandings where the observed high corrosivity was associated with the direct reduction of these species. In that sense the recent findings suggest that neither carboxylic acids carbon dioxide nor hydrogen sulfide are inherently corrosive they merely exacerbate an existing corrosion process. In this study it is shown that the buffering effect is an inherent property of any weak acid and it accounts for all characteristic behaviors observed in cathodic currents in the cases considered. The findings based on the individual cases discussed above can be recasted into a generic mechanistic view of corrosion in weak acid solutions. In order to elucidate this general property a comprehensive mathematical model was developed and used to discuss the expected behavior of a hypothetical weak acid depending on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of its dissociation reaction. Furthermore a simple and generic categorization of weak acids is proposed to serve as a basis to assess the detrimental effect of any weak acid on mild steel corrosion.

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