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Both mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters are currently being utilized to treat sludge derived from more than typical municipal sewerage sources. Wastewater treatment plants are accepting septage and sludge from food waste and industrial contributors routinely today. Receiving these other sources of waste which are extremely high in volatile solids is a source of significant income for the utilities.
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Close interval surveys (CIS) and remote monitoring units (RMUs) can be used as complimentary technologies, essential for validating safe operation of a cathodic protection (CP) system. CIS on a pipeline is typically performed once every few years due to the high cost and time commitment of the process, but the benefit is a high spatial resolution of measurements, with typical spacings between reading locations on the metre length-scale. RMUs installed at test posts with a typical spacing of multiple kilometres between units can be used to measure comparable electrical readings year-round without requiring a human to physically travel to each location.
The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling is a significant challenge faced by oil and gas plants, impacting their operational efficiency and overall productivity. The primary cause of RO membrane fouling in oil and gas plants can be attributed to the presence of various foulants, including suspended solids, organic matter, scaling minerals, and biological agents. Among these foulants, microbial activity plays a significant role in accelerating membrane fouling.
The Frøy field is in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and is located in the Jurassic Sleipner andHugin formations at a depth of 2940 – 3176 m true vertical depth subsea. It is made up of a series ofreservoir units (RU), with the main units being RU3 to 5. The reservoir has a porosity of 15 – 23% and apermeability of 15 – 1500 mD.
The global cost of corrosion is estimated to be US$2.5 trillion, which is equivalent to 3.4% of the global GDP (2013). By using available corrosion control practices, it is estimated that savings of between 15 and 35% of the cost of corrosion could be realized; i.e., between US$375 and $875 billion annually on a global basis. These costs do not include individual safety or environmental consequences which can occur due to near misses, incidents, forced shutdowns (outages), accidents, etc.
Cathodic protection (CP) is an electrochemical corrosion prevention technique, which is implemented by circulating a direct current between an electrode (anode) placed in the environment and the structure to be protected (the cathode): this current causes a lowering of the potential of the metal and reduces its corrosion rate, until it stops.
This article will improve the existing literature and develop the corrosion industry by expanding the knowledge of the CPHM system. I will also show one of the ways to increase the safety, availability and operational efficiency of aircraft.
The production of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be carried out by the membrane, diaphragm or mercury process. The biggest difference between these processes, with regard to fluid composition, is that the caustic soda (NaOH) produced by the diaphragm process has a higher chloride content during its production process.
Such aggressiveness in the environment generally calls for the use of special materials to increase the useful life of the equipment and avoid unscheduled shutdowns in the production unit.
EWPD of Saudi Aramco is the custodian of five large volume crude oil storage tanks with diameter of 106 m (348’) and 110 m (360’), where the crude oil is stored and transported from eastern region to western region. The tank which is being addressed in this paper is an API1 650 with floating roof. Its capacity is 1,013,000 barrels and its diameter is 110 m. This tank was built in 1978 on an oily sand pad and reinforced concrete ring wall. The inboard and sketch plates are 6.35 mm thick, and annular plates are 16 mm thick
Protecting and maintaining assets in highly corrosive environments has been a challenge for centuries. Assets that require precision coating removal around compromised structures require a precision tool that does not impact the structure leading to failure. Removal of any metal or damage to surfaces must be avoided in these scenarios, which disqualifies highly abrasive removal methods such as blast cleaning, needle-gunning, and water-jetting.
Cathodic Protection (CP), when properly applied, is an effective technique to minimize the natural corrosion process that occurs on pipelines, tanks, and other buried steel structures. To maintain effective CP coverage with minimal current demand, the structure must be well-isolated from earth for DC current flow. This is commonly accomplished using high resistance coatings, isolation joints, dielectric fittings and isolation pads.